of grade 3 or higher), and did not cause a delay in surgery. Patients' nutritional status and QOL improved significantly. R0 resection rate is 100%, with MPR 21/29 (72.4%), pCR 12/29 (41.4%), and ORR 28/29 (96.6%). No perioperative death has occurred so far. Conclusion:Pembrolizumab combined with paclitaxel and cisplatin as a neoadjuvant therapy was associated with few side effects, did not delay surgery, and induced a major pathological response in 72.4% of resected ESCC tumors. It may be better than the neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation recommended by NCCN guidelines.

Material was introduced into cultures of cells by using the method of scrape loading, in which cells are simply rubbed from the surface of a plastic tissue culture dish by a rubber-tipped rod in the presence of a macromolecule of interest. The volume of solution introduced into cells was comparable to that generally injected in the direct microinjection method with glass capillaries, that is, about 50 to 100 fl per cell. Genetic defects (lack of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and thymidine kinase) in several cell lines were transiently corrected by scraping the cells in the presence of crude cell extracts prepared from wild-type cells.

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