Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received great attention due to their fascinating structures and intriguing potential applications in various fields. Herein, we report the first example of the utilization of MOFs for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). MOF-199 with unique pores and open metal sites (Lewis acid sites) was employed as the coating for SPME fiber to extract volatile and harmful benzene homologues. The SPME fiber was fabricated by in situ hydrothermal growth of thin MOF-199 films on etched stainless steel wire. The MOF-199-coated fiber not only offered large enhancement factors from 19,613 (benzene) to 110,860 (p-xylene), but also exhibited wide linearity with 3 orders of magnitude for the tested benzene homologues. The limits of detection for the benzene homologues were 8.3-23.3 ng L(-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) for six replicate extractions using one SPME fiber ranged from 2.0% to 7.7%. The fiber-to-fiber reproducibility for three parallel prepared fibers was 3.5%-9.4% (RSD). Indoor air samples were analyzed for the benzene homologues using the SPME with the MOF-199-coated fiber in combination with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The recoveries for the spiked benzene homologues in the collected indoor air samples were in the range of 87%-106%. The high affinity of the MOF-199-coated fiber to benzene homologues resulted from the combined effects of the large surface area and the unique porous structure of the MOF-199, the pi-pi interactions of the aromatic rings of the analytes with the framework 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid molecules, and the pi-complexation of the electron-rich analytes to the Lewis acid sites in the pores of MOF-199.

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Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) with metal-containing secondary building units and organic linkers have great potential for the separation of isomers. In this work, the adsorption and separation of xylene isomers and ethylbenzene (EB) on two Zn−terephthalate MOFs (MOF-5 and MOF-monoclinic) were studied by means of pulse gas chromatography, static vapor-phase adsorption, and breakthrough adsorption. The two studied Zn−terephthalate MOFs showed different selectivity and efficiency for the separation of xylene isomers and EB. On MOF-5, EB eluted first, while other isomers eluted at the same time. MOF-monoclinic showed a preferable adsorption of p-xylene over other isomers. The adsorption and separation of xylene isomers and EB were equilibrium-constant-controlled on MOF-5 and diffusion-dominated on MOF-monoclinic. On the basis of the measured McReynolds constants, MOF-5 was characterized as a stationary phase of nonpolarity, whereas MOF-monoclinic as a stationary phase of intermediate polarity for gas chromatography.

Stainless steel wire has been widely used as the substrate of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers to overcome the shortcomings of conventional silica fibers such as fragility, by many researchers. However, in previous reports various sorbent coatings are always required in conjunction with the stainless steel wire for SPME. In this work, we report the bare stainless steel wire for SPME without the need for any additional coatings taking advantage of its high mechanical and thermal stability. To evaluate the performance of stainless steel wire for SPME, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, n-propylbenzene, aniline, phenol, n-hexane, n-octane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane, chloroform, trichloroethylene, n-octanol, and butanol were tested as analytes. Although the stainless steel wire had almost no extraction capability toward the tested analytes before etching, it did exhibit high affinity to the tested PAHs after etching with hydrofluoric acid. The etched stainless steel wire gave a much bigger enhancement factor (2541-3981) for the PAHs than the other analytes studied (< or = 515). Etching with hydrofluoric acid produced a porous and flower-like structure with Fe(2)O(3), FeF(3), Cr(2)O(3), and CrF(2) on the surface of the stainless steel wire, giving high affinity to the PAHs due to cation-pi interaction. On the basis of the high selectivity of the etched stainless steel wire for PAHs, a new SPME method was developed for gas chromatography with flame ionization detection to determine PAHs with the detection limits of 0.24-0.63 microg L(-1). The precision for six replicate extractions using one SPME fiber ranged from 2.9% to 5.3%. The fiber-to-fiber reproducibility for three parallel prepared fibers was 4.3-8.8%. One etched stainless steel wire can stand over 250 cycles of SPME without significant loss of extraction efficiency. The developed etched stainless steel wire is very stable, highly selective, and reproducible for the SPME of PAHs.

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