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The effect of employment growth on internal migration depends on corresponding adjustments of the local housing market. If employment growth in a geographical area is accompanied by a sharp increase in housing prices, the net outcome may be net outmigration rather than migration gain. In the present paper, this concept is tested using statistical data available for 47 prefectures in Japan. The analysis covers the two ®ve-year periods of 1983±87 and 1988±92, and con®rms that the use of a combined representation of employment and housing variables makes it possible to improve considerably the performance of an empirical migration model.

In this paper, through ancient tombs excavated in Gimhae, the centre of Gaya, a cataclysmic aspect of society and population at a turning point from the Former Gaya to the Later Gaya was studied, and this also revealed the aspect of society of the Former Gaya to academia that had scant awareness. First, the meaning of a turning point of Gaya was defined. About half century from the attack southern part of the Great King Guanggaeto in 400 A.D to the construction of the South Tomb of HuangNam Great Tombs in 458 A.D was separated into three periods, and there were two bifurcations, the dissolution of the Former Gaya and the establishment of the Later Gaya. It is also a process that hegemony of Yeongnan area was passed from the Former Gaya on to Silla. For research, the wooden chamber tomb and the stone lined tomb which were the main tombs of Gimhae area were reexamined. The system problem and the main-additional chamber tomb problem were also indicated. Especially, the stone lined tomb were separated into two systems: a wide tomb with wooden covers and a narrow tomb with stone covers. They were developed from a wooden chamber tomb and a former stone coffin tomb each. About the elite tomb of Gaya, a wooden chamber tomb of Daesungdong was main in the Former Gaya, and the two different stone lined tombs were combined in Bokcheondong site, and it became the main elite tomb of the Later Gaya. This intended change happened at a turning point from the Former Gaya to the Later Gaya. Finally, the aspect of tomb construction of Gimhae area was also studied. At the second bifurcation from the Former Gaya to the Later Gaya, tombs of “the inner gulf of Gimhae” were rapidly decreasing. It is connected with a decline in population. The boundaries of a tomb spread to the suburbs, and the Nakdong river area was be fully used than before. It is connected with the collapse of the centre elite group of the Former Gaya.

Comparing the remarkable economic growth of Japan and South Korea (hereafter , Korea), many scholars have adopted the modernization theory and/or the stages theory of development. They argue that development is about the modernization of traditional societies. Moreover, it is also widely accepted that developing countries could and should learn from the pioneer countries that have already developed. However, they fail to explain the opposite side of the remarkable economic growth in both countries; namely rapid depopulation and wide collapse of rural communities. This study is an attempt to build an alternative theoretical framework for sustainable development of rural communities in East Asia, focusing on Japan and Korea. The endogenous self organization that functions as a substantial social unit for rural development is emphasized. To accomplish this purpose, a case from each country is introduced and inter preted in an alternative way. The cases demonstrate that endogenous self-organizations function as a coordinator in policy implementation. While the two countries differ from each other in their method of local government intervention, the comparison of the two cases shows that rural development initiated by a local government cannot be sustainable without enhanc ing endogenous self-organizations. Ironically, it could be argued that no intervention strengthens the self-organizing capabilities of a rural community .