BACKGROUND Knockdown resistance is conferred primarily by non‐synonymous mutations that reduce pyrethroids binding to voltage‐gated sodium channels. In 2014, kdr mutation V1016I in Aedes aegypti populations resistant to pyrethroids was reported for the first time in Colombiα, in 2016 another kdr mutation, F1534C, and in 2018 the mutation V419L. Nine populations of A. aegypti, previously characterized as being resistant to λ‐cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin and permethrin, were used for this study. Genomic DNA was used to determine genotypes by allele‐specific PCR for mutations V1016I and F1534C, and to determine their association with pyrethroid resistance. RESULTS All the populations analyzed showed both mutations, with allelic frequencies of 0.07–0.35 for I1016 and 0.47–0.88 for C1534. A percentage of co‐occurrence of mutant homozygotes I1016/C1534 of 5.3% was detected. A significant positive correlation was found between the frequency of the genotype I1016 and the resistance to permethrin, λ‐cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin, but not to deltamethrin; on the other hand, the correlation was not significant for the C1534 genotype and the four pyrethroids evaluated. No significant correlation was found between the frequencies of the mutations V1016I and F1534C. CONCLUSIONS Both mutations V1016I and F1534C are present in A. aegypti populations of the Colombian Caribbean, and although the frequency of F1534C exceeds V1016I, the latter was correlated to resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Significant agreement was found between the four most recent guidelines. Abdominal obesity cut-off points might support differences agreement differences.

No abstract

Background: The coexistance among fungal pathogens and tuberculosis pulmonary is a clinical condition that generally occurs in immunosuppressive patients, however, immunocompetent patients may have this condition less frequently. Objective: We report the case of an immunocompetent patient diagnosed with coinfection Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans. Case Description: 22-year-old female patient, previously healthy, who presented an episode of cough, massive hemoptysis and fever. Clinical findings and diagnosis: Physical examination was found crakles in left lung. Microbiological testing includes Ziehl Neelsen, culture for mycobacterium, fungal culture in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium and serum filamentation. The tests showed Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans. Imaging studies included chest radiography, chest CT scan apicograma and high resolution supported the diagnosis. Treatment and Outcome: The patient was treated with anti-tuberculosis and anti-fungal treatment with good clinical evolution. Clinical relevance: Fungal infection and pulmonary tuberculosis is rare in immunocompetent patients should be suspected in abrupt episodes of hemoptysis.