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A LOGICAL CALCULUS OF ANALOGY INVOLVING FUNCTIONS OF ORDER 2 DOUGLAS C. DORROUGH 7 2. NOTATION Our logic will be called A.S.j, i.e., proposal of an analogical system for individuals. In stating and developing A.S.j, we make the following assumptions: (1) there exists a standard elementary logic of the sort developed by Quine 8 and Copi 9 included in which is a consistent and deductively complete propositional calculus 10 ; (2) the rules governing the quantification and substitution of predicate variables are formally identical to those for individual variables 11 ; and (3) Post's criterion of consistency is

A spectrum of knowledge-based systems has been designed and applied to target acquisition, classification, and tracking. A survey of these leads to the conclusion that more profound techniques need to be developed and applied. Particularly necessary are techniques that match the performance of a highly trained sensor suite operator. Preferably, such a system would function autonomously. A knowledge-based system (called “PING”) for autonomously classifying and tracking underwater targets in terms of their acoustic signals as well as their context was designed. PING is based upon earlier work in the foundation of analogical reasoning. The performance of PING was tested and compared with the performance of a population of highly trained sonar operators; the system was also compared with one employing solely the Demster-Shafer evidential reasoning method. In both tests, PING exceeded the performance of the test controls.