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Surgical management of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) has changed very little over the last several decades. The most impactful change has been in development of the alloplastic total joint prosthesis. Recently significant technological advancements have been made in biotechnology and tissue engineering in the development of scaffold fabrication, 4D printing, smart biomaterials that can initiate signaling cues through growth factors and biomechanical/electrical stimuli which can influence stem cells and cartilage/bone formation. This paper explores how these emerging technologies can influence the future surgical management and treatment of the TMJ.

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