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Abstract-The three rights division of rural land is another major institutional innovation in the rural land reform following the family contract responsibility institution under the new historical conditions. The core of the rural land three rights division lies in the pursuit of the agricultural economic performance, but the path dependence is an obstacle in promoting the rural land three rights division. Therefore, this article first elaborates the nature of the institutional change and the path dependence, which is efficiency optimization. Then it points out that the institutional change and the economic performance are the inherent motive force for the rural land three rights division. Finally, this article provides some solutions for the path dependence of the rural land three rights division.