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Online fountain codes (OFCs) have many advantages, such as low overhead, online feedback and optimal encoding, due to the feedback of the instantaneous decoding state. This paper analyzes the characteristics of underwater acoustic networks (UANs) as well as the issues of existing OFCs applied in UANs. Aiming at these issues, two optimization objectives of OFCs are put forward for UANs. In addition, a recursive OFC with limited feedback (ROFC-LF) is presented for UANs. The ROFC-LF reduces the consumption of bandwidth and energy caused by the transmission of useless coding packets. Through limited feedback, the problem of low channel utilization in UANs with half-duplex communication is solved. Furthermore, a data transmission mechanism based on the ROFC-LF for UANs is presented. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed transmission mechanism based on the ROFC-LF scheme outperforms the existing OFC schemes in terms of overhead, computational complexity, coding efficiency and energy consumption. Consequently, the ROFC-LF is suitable for UANs with constrained resources.

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