The curriculum of medical schools includes courses on antibiotics. Therefore, it is worth exploring information related to the knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics. In this cross-sectional study the questionnaire was administered to the undergraduates in two phases, before and after attending the basic medical science courses. The data were collected on demographic variables, source of antibiotics, level of knowledge, and changes in attitude statements. Data analysis was implemented using SPSS. The mean age of participants was 19.87 and 20.15 in phases I and II, respectively. Most of the participants’ parents had education at the university level and a monthly income above 15,000 SAR. Generally, students had good knowledge and attitude about antibiotics. A significant improvement in students’ knowledge in phase-II was noticed in “level of knowledge” (p-value = 0.044), “paracetamol is considered an antibiotic” (p-value < 0.001) and “overuse of antibiotics can cause antibiotics resistance” (p-value = 0.003). The overall knowledge and attitude of pre-professional students were good in both phases, but their attitude did not improve at a significant level in phase-II. There is a need to put more focus on antimicrobial therapy in their training.

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Objectives: To establish a relation between changes in height of body ofmandible on Orthopantomogram (OPG) X-ray with Dual Energy X- ray Absorptiometry (DXA)scan of femoral neck and spine to see whether or not the OPG X-ray can be employed asearly detector and as a screening tool for osteoporosis. Study Design: Cross sectional study.Setting: Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi Pakistan. Period: December 2011 to March2013. Methods: A sample of 174 females aged 25 to 85 years were divided into premenopausal(Group I) and postmenopausal (Group II) groups. Each group was subdivided into normal (preA, post A), osteopenic, (pre B, post B) and osteoporotic, (pre C, post C) groups by DXA Scan.Mandibular morphological changes seen on OPG X-ray in subgroups of Group I were comparedwith each other and with subgroups of Group II. The parameters that were considered on OPGX-ray were height of body of mandible at inner angle of jaw (HA) and at mental foramen (HF).One Way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and T-test were applied to evaluate intragroup andintergroup significance respectively. Results: The reduction in height at angle (HA) and heightat foramen (HF) showed that there was decrease in the height of body which was a measure ofboth osteoporosis and age. Conclusion: A simple and cost effective method of screening wasestablished.