We present a new method in textbook analysis, based on so-called praxeological reference models focused on specific content at task level. This method implies that the mathematical contents of a textbook (or textbook part) is analyzed in terms of the tasks and techniques which are exposed to or demanded from readers; this can then be interpreted and complemented by a discussion of the discursive and theoretical level of the text. The praxeological reference model is formed by the analyst to categorize various elements of the text, in particular the tasks and techniques which it explains or requires from readers. We demonstrate the methodological features of this approach by analyzing examples and exercises in three Indonesian textbooks, focusing on the chapters dealing with arithmetic proportion (defined theoretically by the model). We also illustrate how this rigorous analysis can be used to provide a quantitative “profile” of textbooks within a topic.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">This study reviews 60 papers using a Likert scale and published between 2012 – 2021. Screening for literature review uses the PRISMA method. The data analysis technique was carried out through data extraction, then synthesized in a structured manner using the narrative method. To achieve credible research results at the stage of the data collection and data analysis process, a group discussion forum (FGD) was conducted. The findings show that only 10% of studies use a measurement scale with an even answer choice category (4, 6, 8, or 10 choices). In general, (90%) of research uses a measurement instrument that involves a Likert scale with odd response choices (5, 7, 9, or 11) and the most popular researchers use a Likert scale with a total response of 5 points. The use of a rating scale with an odd number of responses of more than five points (especially on a seven-point scale) is the most effective in terms of reliability and validity coefficients, but if the researcher wants to direct respondents to one side, then a scale with an even number of responses (six points) is possible. more suitable. The presence of response bias and central tendency bias can affect the validity and reliability of the use of the Likert scale instrument.</p>

The aim of this study is to use the notion of praxeology, developed in the framework of the anthropological theory of the didactic (ATD), for textbook analysis. Our focus is the treatment of proportion in arithmetic, algebra and geometry domains in Indonesian lower secondary textbooks. The results show that ATD can be used to build a reference model to analyse the type of tasks proposed in textbooks. Furthermore, the analysis is useful to capture a link between these three domains