The porcine model is a more useful training tool than the manikin model for cricothyrotomy with PCK because of its reality and similarity to human anatomy.

Objective: Radiation-induced anal toxicity can be induced by low radiation doses in patients with haemorrhoids. The object of this study was to determine the dosimetric benefits of different whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) techniques in terms of dose delivered to the anal canal in post-operative patients with cervical cancer. Methods: The planning CT images of 10 patients with cervical cancer undergoing postoperative radiotherapy were used for comparison of three different plans. All patients had been treated using the conventional box technique WPRT (CV-WPRT), and we tried low-marginmodified WPRT (LM-WPRT), three-dimensional conformal techniques WPRT (CF-WPRT) and intensity-modulated WPRT (IM-WPRT) planning for dosimetric comparison of the anal canal, retrospectively. Results: Mean anal canal doses of the IM-WPRT were significantly lower (p , 0.05) than those of CV-WPRT, LM-WPRT and CF-WPRT, and V 10 , V 20 , V 30 and V 40 to the anal canal were also significantly lower for IM-WPRT (p , 0.05). The proportion of planning target volumes (PTVs) that received $98% of the prescribed dose for all plans was .99%, and the proportion that received $108% of the prescribed dose for IM-WPRT was ,2%. Volumes of bladders and rectums that received $30 or $40 Gy were significantly lower for IM-WPRT than for three of the four-field WPRT plans (p 5 0