Aim. To study of anatomical and topographic features and the intrafascicular structure of the thoracodorsal nerve trunk in the brachial plexus. Methods. The study was performed on the brachial plexus preparations of 80 male and female corpses. Short and long branches, secondary bundles, primary trunks, spinal nerves, anterior and posterior roots of the spinal cord were layer-by-layer anatomically prepared from brachial plexus. The angles of inclination from the arising site of the thoracodorsal nerve, the topography throughout and after entering the latissimus dorsi muscle were studied. The length and thickness of the thoracodorsal nerve, including the extramuscular and intramuscular parts, were measured. After isolation and fixation of the preparations, intrafascicular dissection of the thoracodorsal nerve was performed throughout the brachial plexus, by using microsurgical instruments and a binocular magnifier. Results. The length of the thoracodorsal nerve consists of extramuscular and intramuscular parts and was equal to 17.9 cm, of which the extra-muscular part was three-quarters of the total length of the nerve. The nerve trunk dissection revealed that the thoracodorsal nerve consists of 14 nerve fascicles and most frequently, in 46.2% of preparations, the thoracodorsal nerve arises from the C7 nerve root. The presence of motor and sensory portions of nerve fibers in the thoracodorsal nerve was found. In 90.2% of the preparations, the motor portion was located in the posterior-lateral part of the nerve and sensory in the anterior-medial. In most cases, both the sensory and motor fascicles arose from C7, or motor fascicle from C7 and sensory from C8. Conclusion. The intrafascicular dissection of the thoracodorsal nerve revealed microtopography of the sensitive and motor portions of nerve fibers in the nerve and along the entire length of the brachial plexus; in breast reconstruction, after mastectomy with thoracodorsal flap for the preservation of afferent innervation, it is recommended to cross only motor fibers of the thoracodorsal nerve.
РЕЗЮМЕЦель. Выявление топографо-анатомических и конституциональных особенностей грудоспинного и мышечно-кожного нервов плечевого сплетения.Материалы и методы. Проведена антропометрия 45 трупов с определением роста, длины туловища и верхней конечности, окружности шеи, грудной клетки, плеча и предплечья, поперечных размеров плеч, грудной клетки и таза, переднезаднего размера грудной клетки, обхвата шеи. После анатомического препарирования плечевого сплетения проведена морфометрия всех его компонентов (длины, толщины нервов и углов их отхождения).Результаты. Цефалический тип плечевого сплетения с участием спинального нерва С4 установлен в 7%, каудальный тип с включением спинального нерва Th2 -в 4% случаев. В 4% случаев отсутствует мышечно-кожный нерв, двуглавую мышцу плеча при этом иннервирует срединный нерв. В 93% случаев грудоспинной нерв отходит от заднего вторичного пучка по задненижней поверхности, в 7% это ветвь подмышечного нерва. Обхват шеи имеет прямые значимые корреляции с длиной грудоспинного нерва -чем больше обхват шеи, тем больше длина нерва. У женщин выведены уравнения линейной регрессии, на основании которых можно вычислить предположительную длину грудоспинного нерва при известном значении ширины грудной клетки.Заключение. Длина грудоспинного нерва является определяющей детерминантой возможности его пересадки в позицию мышечно-кожного. В качестве внешнего биомаркера размеров нерва-донора и нерва-реципиента целесообразно использовать размеры обхвата шеи и для достоверности у женщин -ширину грудной клетки. Ключевые слова: плечевое сплетение, морфометрия, грудоспинной нерв, мышечно-кожный нерв, транспозиция. Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов, связанных с публикацией настоящей статьи. Источник финансирования. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии финансирования. Соответствие принципам этики. Исследование одобрено локальной этической комиссией КрасГМУ (протокол № 91 от 11.09.2018).
Aim. To study anatomical variations of the intra–trunk pathways in the thoracodorsal nerve bundles and to develop a system for their coding.Materials and methods. After fixation in a 2% solution of acetic acid using the MBS-10 stereomicroscope, we performed macro- and microscopic intra-trunk dissection of thoracodorsal nerve bundles in 121 specimens obtained from 105 corpses of males and females who died at the age of 40–97 years. Using the obtained findings, we compiled a database in the MS Excel 12.0 software and determined the number of anatomical variations in absolute and relative (% from 121 specimens) units.Results. The study revealed that the thoracodorsal nerve is a mixed nerve, which consists of 1 motor and 1– 3 sensory bundles that variously pass through the spinal nerves, trunks, and the axillary nerve with the formation of 20 intra-trunk pathways. In 77% of cases, sensory bundles arising from the thoracodorsal nerve pass through the posterior bundle, the posterior division, the middle trunk, and the C7 spinal nerve or the inferior trunk and the C8 spinal nerve. In 22% of cases, the thoracodorsal nerve has one or, rarely, two duplicate sensory pathways besides the main one. In 93% of cases, the motor bundle to the thoracodorsal nerve passes through the C7 spinal nerve and the middle trunk, the posterior division, and the posterior bundle. Coding the anatomical variations of the intra-trunk pathways in the direction of sensory bundle «posterior bundle → posterior division → trunk → spinal nerve; motor bundle ← posterior bundle ← posterior division ← trunk ← spinal nerve allows to briefly yet clearly and fully display the morphological diversity of the nerve anatomy.Conclusion. The identified anatomical variations of the intra-trunk pathways can be useful in the diagnosis of injuries and diseases. They expand indications for the use of spinal nerves, trunks of the brachial plexus, and the thoracodorsal nerve in reconstructive surgery.
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