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Aim This study was evaluated the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) on the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase -2, -9 (MMP-2, -9) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase -1, -2 (TIMP-1, -2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human macrophages. Methods Human monocyte precursor cells (THP-1) were differentiated into macrophage-adherent cells and were stimulated with LPS for 24 h. Then individually incubated with NAC or Ca(OH)2 for 24, 48 and 72 h. Following incubation, protein expression and mRNA levels of MMP-2, -9 and TIMP-1, -2 were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data were statistically analysed using two-way ANOVA, to followed by Bonferroni test at α=0.05. Results NAC significantly decreased mRNA expression and protein levels of MMP-9, while Ca(OH)2 decreased mRNA expression alone at 24 h. NAC and Ca(OH)2 decreased mRNA expression of MMP-2 at 24 h, while NAC increased this expression at 48 h. Although NAC and Ca(OH)2 decreased the mRNA expression of TIMP-1, -2 at 24 h, only NAC increased mRNA expression of TIMP-1 at 48 h. Conclusion At the early stages of inflammation, NAC and Ca(OH)2 have anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages.

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the effects of root canal irrigation on maximum operative torque and vertical force of Wave One Gold Primary (WOG), Reciproc Blue R25 (RB) and Protaper Next X2 (PTN) endodontic rotary instruments during simulated root canal preparation in the presence and absence of a surfactant “benzalkonium chloride”. Material and Methods A custom-made automated irrigation and torque/force analyzing device connected with endomotor was used for the study. Acrylic resin blocks with simulated curved root canals of 35° were randomly assigned to 6 groups for each file. The following irrigants were used during simulated root canal preparation with continuous rotation or reciprocation motion with pecking mode: 5% NaOCl and 5% NaOCl with 0.84% benzalkonium chloride. Maximum torque and vertical force values ​​of files were recorded during preparation. Results BAC addition to NaOCl did not significantly affect maximum torque values of instruments (p>0.05). WOG generated lowest torque value compared with PTN and RCB in both groups (p<0. 05). RB generated higher vertical force compared with WOG and PTN instruments in NaOCl+BAC group. The surface modifier decreased the maximum force value of WOG instrument (p<0.05). Discussion Surfactan addition to NaOCl had no negative effects on maximum torque and force of the instruments.