Resumo Este estudo analisou a criação e a implantação dos conselhos locais de saúde no município de Anchieta, no estado do Espírito Santo. Buscou-se identificar os fatores que apoiaram ou limitaram a sua efetiva participação no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde local. Por meio de abordagem qualitativa, realizaram-se 13 entrevistas com os conselheiros. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo, evidenciando três categorias trabalhadas neste texto: Ser ou não ser conselheiro de saúde? Eis a questão!; O não pertencimento e a não participação; e Conselhos locais de saúde: elos, meios e mediações. Concluiu-se que os conselheiros enfrentam grandes dificuldades que acabam por desvirtuar os caminhos desejados da participação social no âm-bito do Sistema Único de Saúde. Por isso, é imprescindível que haja vontade política, apoio à participação efetiva e programas de educação para a cidadania dos atores envolvidos nesses fóruns, para que assim possam exercer de forma plena seu papel. Palavras-chave Sistema Único de Saúde; participação social; conselhos de saúde.Abstract This study examined the creation and implementation of local health councils in the municipality of Anchieta, state of Espírito Santo, Brasil. The goal was to identify the factors that supported or limited their effective participation in the context of the local Unified Health System. Using a qualitative approach, 13 interviews were carried out among the council members. Content analysis was used to show three categories worked on in this text: To be or not to be a health counselor? That is the question!; Non-belonging and non-participation; and local health Councils: links, means, and mediations. It was concluded that counselors face major difficulties that end up distorting the desired paths of social participation in the scope of the National Health System. Therefore, it is essential that there is political will, support for effective participation, and education programs for the citizenship of the actors involved in these forums so that they can exercise their roles to the fullest extent.
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