Eight ruminally cannulated beef steers were used to evaluate forage intake and physiological response during adaptation to a diet consisting of bermudagrass round bale silage (RBS) and dried distillers grains (DDG) and in a second experiment the effect of level of DDG supplementation on RBS forage intake, digestibility, and rumen parameters. The adaptation experiment was designed to simulate a 14-d step-up process. Initially steers received ad libitum RBS, on d 4 steers were offered 1.13 kg of DDG daily and every 4 d daily DDG offered was increased by 1.13 kg. Blood and rumen fluid samples were collected before feeding (0 h) and 6, 12, 24 (before feeding), and 36 h after every diet change. The digestibility experiment was conducted as an 8 × 4 Latin square with four periods. Treatments included RBS only and DDG supplement levels of 0.33%, 0.66%, and 1.0% of body weight (RBS + 0.33, +0.66, and 1.0, respectively). Collection periods consisted of 21 d to determine dry matter intake [DMI], digestibility, and collect rumen fluid samples. During adaptation, level of DDG did not (P = 0.42) affect RBS DMI. Mean ruminal pH was greater (P < 0.05) for RBS only compared with diets with DDG. When steers were offered 3.39 or 4.52 kg/d of DDG rumen NH3-N concentration was greater (P ≤ 0.05) compared with other levels of DDG or RBS alone. Mean nonesterified fatty acid and plasma urea N concentrations varied among levels of DDG offered. In the digestibility experiment forage DMI, total DMI, and total tract apparent digestibility exhibited a quadratic (P ≤ 0.05) response to level of DDG offered. Mean ruminal pH responded in a quadratic manner (P = 0.03) and was greater for RBS only compared with RBS plus DDG at any level. Mean ruminal NH3-N concentration tended (P = 0.07) to respond in a cubic manner as DDG amount offered increased. Physiological responses during adaptation to DDG over 14 d resembled responses previously observed after long-term DDG supplementation. Offering DDG up to 1% of body weight did depress forage DMI and ruminal pH but increased total DMI, diet digestibility, and ruminal NH3-N concentration.
Use of Tifton 85 bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. X C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] has increased in pasture‐based dairies in the southeastern United States relative to other warm‐season grasses. A 2‐yr study was conducted to evaluate rotational stocking for two grazing rest periods (RP; 14 and 21 d) and two supplementation rates (SUP; 0.64% [low] and 0.96% [high] of heifer [Bos taurus] body weight) on pasture characteristics and animal performance. Across all treatments, pastures with 14‐d RP had greater (P < 0.05) crude protein (CP) concentration and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) than pastures with 21‐d RP (174 vs. 161 g kg−1 and 624 vs. 602 g. kg−1, for CP and IVOMD, respectively). Herbage allowance was less in high than low SUP pastures (0.59 vs. 0.67 kg dry matter (DM) kg live weight (LW)−1, respectively). In 2010, average daily gain (ADG) was not affected by SUP (0.62 vs. 0.63 kg d−1 for heifers fed low and high amounts of SUP, respectively) or by RP. However, in 2011 ADG was greater (P = 0.07) for heifers fed high compared to low amounts of SUP (0.61 vs. 0.51 kg d−1, respectively). Although heifer ADG approached the industry target of 0.7 kg, results suggest forage allowance of < 1 kg DM kg−1 animal LW limited daily gains. The nutritive value data support the conclusion that Tifton 85 possesses high nutritive value and is suitable for use in pasture‐based systems for raising replacement dairy heifers if adequate forage allowance is maintained.
Comparación de un sistema de intensificación del cultivo de arroz (SICA) con sistemas tradicionales de siembra en la zona de Churute, EcuadorComparing a system of rice intensification (SRI) with traditional cropping systems in Churute, Ecuador Resumen E l sistema de intensificación del cultivo de arroz (SICA) es un conjunto de prácticas que según reportes permite incrementar significativamente el rendimiento del cultivo. Este estudio incluye un ensayo de campo para evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de un SICA y dos sistemas de siembra tradicionales (siembra por trasplante y al voleo) sobre los componentes del rendimiento (número de panículas, granos por panícula y peso de granos) del cultivo de arroz bajo condiciones ambientales del Litoral Sur de Ecuador. En el estudio, no se detectaron diferencias significativas en los componentes de rendimiento por área entre los tres sistemas evaluados, pero sí se registraron diferencias en el rendimiento por planta. Las plantas cultivadas usando SICA tuvieron un rendimiento por planta más alto, más macollos y más panículas por planta que las cultivadas usando los métodos tradicionales, lo que indica que el SICA favoreció el desarrollo morfológico y fisiológico de la planta durante el cultivo. Bajo las condiciones de este ensayo, el SICA no incrementó el rendimiento por área del cultivo, pero incrementó la eficiencia fisiológica de las plantas de forma individual.Palabras clave: Oriza sativa, manejo tradicional, siembra al voleo, arroz de trasplante, riego. AbstractT he System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a set of practices that reportedly increases yields in irrigated rice. Here, we report the results of a field trial conducted to evaluate an SRI and two paddy rice cultivation systems traditionally used in Ecuador (transplant and broadcast). No significant differences in yield components per area were detected among the three systems, however significant differences in yield components per plant were observed. SRI-cultivated plants produced higher yields per plant, more tillers and more panicles per plant than those cultivated using traditional systems, what indicates that SRI modified the morphological and physiological development of the plants under study. In this experiment, SRI did not increase the yield per area, but cultivation using SRI did increase the physiological efficiency of individual plants.
El sistema de intensificación del cultivo de arroz (SICA) es un conjunto de prácticas que según reportes permite incrementar significativamente el rendimiento del cultivo. Este estudio incluye un ensayo de campo para evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de un SICA y dos sistemas de siembra tradicionales (siembra por trasplante y al voleo) sobre los componentes del rendimiento (número de panículas, granos por panícula y peso de granos) del cultivo de arroz bajo condiciones ambientales del Litoral Sur de Ecuador. En el estudio, no se detectaron diferencias significativas en los componentes de rendimiento por área entre los tres sistemas evaluados, pero sí se registraron diferencias en el rendimiento por planta. Las plantas cultivadas usando SICA tuvieron un rendimiento por planta más alto, más macollos y más panículas por planta que las cultivadas usando los métodos tradicionales, lo que indica que el SICA favoreció el desarrollo morfológico y fisiológico de la planta durante el cultivo. Bajo las condiciones de este ensayo, el SICA no incrementó el rendimiento por área del cultivo, pero incrementó la eficiencia fisiológica de las plantas de forma individual.
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