Data availability The RNA sequencing datasets (GSE117930) and the single cell RNA sequencing datasets (GSE131508) are deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, NCBI) repository. The proteomic datasets are deposited in PRoteomics IDEntifications (PRIDE) repository (PXD010597). Author Contribution L.O. designed and performed most of the experiments, analysed and interpreted the data and contributed to the manuscript preparation. E.N. assisted with data collection, performed all the 3D-scaffold co-culture experiments, the in vivo Wisp1 experiments, the scRNA sequencing, interpreted and analysed the data and contributed to the manuscript preparation. I.K. performed the qPCR analysis, some of the tissue IF staining and analysed the data. A.M. and J.H.L. performed some of the tissue IF staining, all the lung organoid experiments, interpreted and analysed the data. V.B. performed some of the tissue IF staining. P.C. and S. H. performed bioinformatics analysis. I.H., J.K. and A.O. performed the proteomic and analysed the data. E.G.G. helped with the collection of Ly6G + cells for proteomics. G.M. performed the 3D-scaffold co-culture to analyse CD104 + cells. A.W. and L.C. performed the electron microscopy experiments. E.H. and V.S. provided human samples. L.O., E.N., I.K., V.B. and J.H.L., critically reviewed the manuscript. J.H.L., supervised the lung organoid experiments. I.M. designed and supervised the study, interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript.

We describe a large series of 41 cases of SAF showing that it is a distinct entity with typical clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features. Follow-up was available only in 12 patients, precluding a firm comment on recurrence. However, complete excision and follow-up review is recommended.

PGBS are rare and mainly occur in the gallbladder body in middle-aged females. They generally present with acute cholecystitis and have a very poor prognosis. A variety of sarcoma types are found with MFH being the predominant variant.

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