The Mandais are a little known tribe of Bangladesh inhabiting the north central regions, particularly Tangail district of Bangladesh. Their population has been estimated to be less than 10,000 people. Although the tribe has for the most part assimilated with the mainstream Bengali-speaking population, they to some extent still retain their original tribal customs, including their traditional medicinal practices. Since this practice is also on the verge of disappearance, the objective of the present study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey among Mandai tribal practitioners to document their use of medicinal plants for treatment of various ailments. Four traditional practitioners were found in the exclusive Mandai-inhabited village of Chokchokia in Tangail district. Information was collected from the practitioners with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and guided field-walk method. It was observed that the four traditional practitioners used a total of 31 plants distributed into 23 families for treatment. The various ailments treated included diabetes, low semen density, jaundice, gastrointestinal tract disorders (stomach ache, indigestion, dysentery, and diarrhea), leucorrhea, pain (rheumatic pain, joint pain), skin disorders, respiratory tract disorders (coughs, mucus, and allergy), debility, fever, and helminthiasis. From the number of plants used (seven), it appeared that gastrointestinal tract disorders formed the most common ailment among the Mandai community, possibly brought about by the low income status of the people coupled with unhygienic conditions of living. Key words: Medicinal plants, CAM, ethnomedicine, Mandai IntroductionTraditional medicine forms an important component of the medicinal system in various countries of the world. Although allopathic medicine is the major form of medicine currently practiced, most people of even the developed world resort to traditional forms of medicine at some time or other. Many indigenous communities or tribes of numerous countries still adhere to their ancient medicinal practices. The formulations usually are simple, being mainly derived from plants and occasionally, animals and minerals. However, complex formulations are also known in several traditional medicinal systems of the Indian subcontinent like Ayurveda and Unani. Traditional medicinal practices exist for a number of reasons. First, modern or allopathic medicine cannot cure a whole gamut of diseases like diabetes, rheumatism or paralysis, but merely treats the symptoms. Second, human beings have suffered from diseases from antiquity and have used medicinal plants and other materials for cure -a tradition that persists till the present period (Sofowora, 1982;Hill, 1989). Third, it is widely believed, at least in countries like Bangladesh with a long history of traditional medicine, that traditional medicines can be effective for a multitude of diseases for which allopathic medicine has no known cure. Fourth, many allopathic drugs have developed resistant vectors or have serious s...