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To improve the prediction of nonlinear response of RC buildings to the design input ground motions by the equivalent linearization method, a simple equation for the asymmetry of response is proposed based on the assumption of equal energy response in the positive and negative direction. Then, an equivalent linearization method considering the asymmetric steady state response by the proposed equation is introduced in this paper. The method shows excellent agreement with the results of the time history response analysis of a single-degree-of-freedom system with Takeda's hysteretic characteristics.

The authors have developed the seismic retrofitting method by framed steel brace system partially and concentrically jointed with anchors to reduce the number of anchor. Seismic tests of four specimens with mansard type brace, installation method of column inside-beam outside, pin end hollow section brace and pin end double hollow section brace were conducted. The details of test results and design method for the framed steel brace system with them are reported in this paper.

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