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The natural abundance of "$C and "&N was measured in basidiocarps of at least 115 species in 88 genera of ectomycorrhizal, wood-decomposing and litter-decomposing fungi from Japan and Malaysia. The natural abundance of "$C and "&N was also measured in leaves, litter, soil and wood from three different sites. "&N and "$C were enriched in ectomycorrhizal and wood-decomposing fungi, respectively, relative to their substrates. Ectomycorrhizal and wood-decomposing fungi could be distinguished on the basis of their δ"$C and δ"&N signatures. Although there was high variability in the isotopic composition of fungi, the following isotopeenrichment factors (ε, meanpSD) of the fungi relative to substrates were observed : ε ectomycorrhizal fungi/litter l 6.1p0.4= "&N ε ectomycorrhizal fungi/wood l 1.4p0.8= "$C ε wood-decomposing fungi/wood l k0.6p0.7= "&N ε wood-decomposing fungi/wood l 3.5p0.9= "$C The basis of isotope fractionation in C metabolism from wood to wood-decomposing fungus is discussed.

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Subtotal corpectomy and laminoplasty showed an identical effect from a surgical treatment for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. These neurologic recoveries usually last more than 10 years. In the subtotal corpectomy group, the disadvantages were longer surgical time, more blood loss, and pseudarthrosis. In the laminoplasty group, axial pain occurred frequently, and the range of motion was reduced severely.