<strong>English</strong><br />Pati includes the prospective regencies for accelerating the growth rate and area diversification of shallot production in Central Java. However, the shallot production and productivity in Pati were unstable with a decreasing trend in recent years. The objective of this study is to evaluate the status and determinants of the shallot production efficiency using the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function. The research was conducted in three production centers sub-districts, Wedarijaksa, Batangan, and Jaken, in October 2017. The primary data were collected by interviewing 33 respondents which were selected through the stratified sampling technique. The results indicated that shallot farmers were efficient technically, but not economically and allocatively. Two significant determinants of the technical efficiency were the length of farming experience (positively related) and farmers’ age (negatively related). The farmers group membership and access to extension services were not significant, but both have positive effects on technical efficiency. Production efficiency may be increased through inputs use optimization that include reducing of anorganic fertilizer, increasing the quantity of organic fertilizer and seed, using of the true shallot seed and implementation of Integrated Pest Management. Improving the functions of agriculture extentions and farmers’ groups should also enhance shallot farming efficiency.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Kabupaten Pati termasuk kabupaten di Jawa Tengah yang dipandang prospektif untuk percepatan peningkatan dan diversifikasi wilayah produksi bawang merah. Namun, produksi dan produktivitas bawang merah di Kabupaten Pati tidak stabil dan cenderung turun akhir-akhir ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status dan determinan efisiensi produksi bawang merah tersebut dengan fungsi produksi stokastik frontier Cobb-Douglas. Penelitian dilakukan di tiga kecamatan sentra produksi yaitu Wedarijaksa, Batangan, dan Jaken pada Oktober 2017. Data primer diperoleh dengan mewawancarai 33 orang responden yang dipilih secara stratified sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa petani bawang merah di Kabupaten Pati sudah efisien secara teknis, namun belum efisien secara ekonomis dan alokatif. Ditemukan dua faktor yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap efisiensi teknis, yaitu lama pengalaman menjadi petani (berpengaruh positif) dan umur petani (berpengaruh negatif). Keanggotaan kelompok tani dan akses penyuluhan berpengaruh positif, namun tidak nyata. Efisiensi dapat ditingkatkan melalui optimalisasi penggunaan input-input produksi, termasuk dengan mengurangi jumlah penggunaan pupuk anorganik, menambah jumlah pupuk organik dan benih, menggunakan benih jenis biji botani, dan menerapkan sistem Pengendalian Hama Terpadu. Peningkatan fungsi penyuluh pertanian dan kelompok tani termasuk strategi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi usaha tani bawang.

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns regarding the importance of food security and the agricultural sector. Experiencing positive growth in the Gross Domestic Product during pandemic, the agricultural sector is considered to be the most resilient sector. This study examines changes in the household pattern of food consumption and their current position on food security. It also analyses household adaptation to current health crises. We conduct an online survey from September to October 2020. The coverage areas of this survey are concentrated in Java Island and captured 1,499 households. We calculate the food security index to measure the behavioral changes of household on their food consumption pattern. The index indicates that the majority of households are food secure. However, households with food insecurity generally have multidimensional vulnerabilities on the effects of this pandemic. Our survey has indicated several activities of household resilience to cope with the increase of food prices during pandemic. Urban farming is one of the solutions to access food, and their concerns on food safety, food prices and stimulate the local economy are utmost reasons. People utilized their yards by cultivating short-lived vegetables in small pots or hydroponic method. Given these reasons, the yields of their products do not go to the commercial market, although the potential to enter this market is possible. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the government can respond to the changes that occur in society as a time to support agricultural sustainability, particularly in expanding urban farming.

Jahe merupakan komoditas andalan ekspor Indonesia. Namun, nilai ekspor jahe pada Tahun 2008-2018 menurun yang disebabkan penurunan produksi dan hambatan ekspor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya saing ekspor jahe Indonesia dibandingkan dengan negara eksportir jahe lainnya di negara tujuan ekspor. Negara eksportir yang dibandingkan tingkat daya saingnya dengan Indonesia yaitu Thailand dan India. Negara tujuan ekspor dalam penelitian ini adalah Amerika Serikat, Jepang, dan Malaysia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) dan Constant Market Share (CMS) sebagai alat ukur daya saing. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan tingkat daya saing ekspor jahe Indonesia lebih rendah dibandingkan Thailand dan India baik menggunakan metode RCA maupun CMS. Strategi kunci peningkatan daya saing ekspor jahe Indonesia terletak pada ketersediaan produksi dan jaminan kualitas. Pengembangan dan diseminasi teknologi untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, kualitas, pola kemitraan dan perluasan pangsa pasar merupakan strategi pendukung terwujudnya ekspor jahe Indonesia yang berdaya saing.

Food consumption is a basic human necessity that should be fulfilled. Although the investment level tends to increase in Central Java, the open unemployment rate also tends to increase. It is worrying that this condition will affect the society prosperity reflected by food security status. This research aims to analyze the consumption expenditure development in Central Java, identify the food consumption expenditure determinants, and formulate the food consumption fulfillment strategies. This research has quantitative characteristics by using the secondary data of Statistical Central Bureau. The research result shows the consumption expenditure proportion between food and non-food is nearly similar and tends to increase each year. The determinants, which affect the food consumption expenditure positively and significantly, are the non-food consumption expenditure, the gross domestic regional product (GDRP) of constant price, and the poverty rate. The food consumption fulfillment strategies in Central Java are directed by sustainability schemes covering economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The implementations are to strengthen the food security dimensions, the society income enhancement, the value chain optimization, the adoption of technology and knowledge, and the local food resources utilization.

<p>E-commerce in Indonesia is growing fast along with the increasing use of the internet. However, e-commerce adoption has many obstacles, such as the low capability of human resources and infrastructure readiness. This writing aims to identify the roles and challenges of e-commerce agricultural products, review the management aspects of e-commerce agricultural products, and formulate recommendations for e-commerce development in Indonesia. The method used for this research is a literature review. E-commerce is a technology meant to cuts the agricultural value chain. However, it has challenges in implementation, namely, non-durable and perishable agricultural products, compatibility of human resources, too many tax regulations, and the quality and diffusion of the internet. The establishment of e-commerce has a social mission: increasing farmers' welfare. It aims to overcome the farmer's problems, namely limited access to the market and finance. Recommendations for using e-commerce as a medium for accelerating value chain management should be conducted through a dimensional approach, namely human resources, natural resources, technology, markets and finance. Its implementation is to increase the ability of human resources to the novelty of science and technology and to optimize the use of natural resources while still paying attention to ecosystem sustainability. The development of science and technology for e-commerce and agricultural products needs to be carried out following market challenges and creating an inclusive financial system.</p>