В отвечающей современным стандартам практике оказания медицинской помощи пациентам с онкологическими заболеваниями, основанной на биопсихосоциальном подходе, внимание уделяется психосоциальному функционированию как пациента, так и членов его семьи. Разработка эффективных моделей психосоциального сопровождения больных в процессе лечения и реабилитации предполагает научное обоснование критериев адаптации/дезадаптации, а также методов выявления и мониторинга семей, нуждающихся в различных видах психологической поддержки. Международные организации в своих руководствах по сопровождению пациентов с онкологическими заболеваниями для интегративной оценки психологического состояния предлагают применять регулярный скрининг эмоционального дистресса, определив дистресс как «шестой жизненный показатель» в дополнение к температуре тела, дыханию, артериальному давлению, пульсу и боли. В статье обобщены основные сведения о концепте «эмоциональный дистресс», проанализированы возможности и ограничения его использования в качестве критерия оценки дезадпатации в процессе лечения, показана целесообразность внедрения этого концепта и соответствующего измерительного метода в российскую практику психологического сопровождения педиатрических пациентов и их семей на разных этапах лечения. Обосновываются возможности использования данного критерия для быстрого и достоверного выявления необходимости оказания дополнительной (психологической/психиатрической) помощи по отношению к лечению основного заболевания ребенка; для отслеживания динамики эмоционального состояния пациентов и их родителей на каждом этапе лечения.

Background. Children undergoing cancer treatment face a number of emotional, physical, and other problems leading to distress that need to be identified in a timely fashion. Regular assessment of patients' and their caregivers' psychosocial health care needs during the patients' hospital stays has become the standard of psychological care. Objective. This study was conducted to determine the validity of the Distress Rating Scale (DRS) on a Russian pediatric sample. The DRS appeared to be a reliable pediatric measure of patients' distress level. Design. One hundred fifty-nine (159) children of ages 7-17 with cancer and blood disorders, 153 caregivers, and 51 physicians were included in our study. Forty-five families were reassessed as a test-retest group after a four-week interval. The DRS was validated through the use of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) by M. Kovacs and by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0). Results. The convergent validity of the DRS's Russian version was shown by the reasonable agreement between the children's distress level and standardized measure scores. The criterion validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between the children's DRS self-reports, and those of their parents and physicians. The robustness and consistency of the results in the primary and repeated assessments between the DRS, the CDI, and the PedsQL, proved the reliability of the scale. Age-specific cutoff scores were determined. Conclusion. The Russian version of the DRS is a valid tool for rapid and reliable assessment of children's emotional distress in order to identify their needs for psychological assistance in a timely manner.

Different phenomena related to humour and laughter, such as humour styles, gelotophobia, gelotophilia and katagelasticism, were investigated in a series of psychological studies in Russia. As far as the samples were rather heterogeneous in regard with age, gender, region of Russia, and included besides big cities also small towns and villages, the data allows to discuss not only psychological, but also a certain cultural perspective. It is concluded that self-defeating humour style plays an important role in the structure of Russian cultural attitude towards humour and laughter. The most adaptive affiliative humour style is highly connected with self-defeating and aggressive styles. Similar pattern was shown for humour and laughter perception: a fear of being laughed at paradoxically provokes active involvement into exchange of jokes. A comparison between the two Russian capitals and regional sample revealed more similarities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg with western data than with the regional Russian sample which is supposed to reflect more of traditional national character.

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