In tissue engineering, 3D printing is an important tool that uses biocompatible materials, cells, and supporting components to fabricate complex 3D printed constructs. This review focuses on the cytocompatibility characteristics of 3D printed constructs, made from different synthetic and natural materials. From the overview of this article, inkjet and extrusion-based 3D printing are widely used methods for fabricating 3D printed scaffolds for tissue engineering. This review highlights that scaffold prepared by both inkjet and extrusion-based 3D printing techniques showed significant impact on cell adherence, proliferation, and differentiation as evidenced by in vitro and in vivo studies. 3D printed constructs with growth factors (FGF-2, TGF-β1, or FGF-2/TGF-β1) enhance extracellular matrix (ECM), collagen I content, and high glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content for cell growth and bone formation. Similarly, the utilization of 3D printing in other tissue engineering applications cannot be belittled. In conclusion, it would be interesting to combine different 3D printing techniques to fabricate future 3D printed constructs for several tissue engineering applications.

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Biodiesel has caught the attention of many researchers because it has great potential to be a sustainable fossil fuel substitute. Biodiesel has a non-toxic and renewable nature and has been proven to emit less environmentally harmful emissions such as hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) as smoke particles during combustion. Problems related to global warming caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could also be solved by utilizing biodiesel as a daily energy source. However, the expensive cost of biodiesel production, mainly because of the cost of natural feedstock, hinders the potential of biodiesel commercialization. The selection of natural sources of biodiesel should be made with observations from economic, agricultural, and technical perspectives to obtain one feasible biodiesel with superior characteristics. This review paper presents a detailed overview of various natural sources, their physicochemical properties, the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel when used in a diesel engine. The recent progress in studies about natural feedstocks and manufacturing methods used in biodiesel production were evaluated in detail. Finally, the findings of the present work reveal that transesterification is currently the most superior and commonly used biodiesel production method compared to other methods available.

Writing skills are quite complex problems in Indonesia and even the world. Writing is closely related to reading, because to be a good writer, they should have a good capability in reading. Meanwhile, the problems faced by Indonesian people at this time are low in reading interest and motivation also the availability of adequate textbooks. The instruction of writing practice is delivered orally by teachers and certainly the result is not optimum. The purpose of this study is to describe the effectiveness of literacy textbooks. The effectiveness of literacy text books is seen from two aspects, namely students' learning outcomes in the form of product (textbook) of children stories are based on the "local wisdom" and students' responses to the application of textbooks in the learning process. From the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the ability of students in understanding the literacy textbooks is quite good. These results are obtained from the products produced by the students in the form of short story scripts. The findings of this study showed that the ability to use the Indonesian spelling was still low and need to be improved, because the fact that reported speech produced by students are not in line with the rules. In addition, the story line in the children texts is still flat. Whereas, the students' responses on the effectiveness of text books are in the "good" category. The students are very interested in using of 'literacy' textbooks to write children's story scripts based on the "local wisdom and cultivation of character" because they have the opportunity to produce a children's story script. They even asked for the additional time and suggested that the teaching of Indonesian spelling material to be inserted in the chapter of the 'literacy' textbooks.