Testosterone exposure caused an increase in cell proliferation for CS osteoblast cells. However, a therapy targeted to mitigate this response (flutamide therapy) similarly affected CS and WT cells, suggesting that the administration of flutamide or TP in the presence of flutamide decreases osteogenesis of these cells. Thus, although our data support a mechanism of gene-environmental interaction, these results would not support a therapeutic intervention based on this interaction.

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) remain a clinically and economically challenging medical condition, accounting for approximately 85% of all nontraumatic lower extremity amputations in the diabetic population. Delayed ulcer healing and its associated factors are key predictors of amputation, making reduction of ulcer size a paramount goal. Of the available treatment options, Pulsed Acoustic Cellular Expression (PACE) offers a noninvasive and cost efficient means of potentially achieving this goal. Therefore, ulcer volume and amputation rate were collected within a multicenter, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing PACE and standard of care (SOC) to SOC alone.