Background: Surgical mortality data are collected routinely in high-income countries, yet virtually no low-or middle-income countries have outcome surveillance in place. The aim was prospectively to collect worldwide mortality data following emergency abdominal surgery, comparing findings across countries with a low, middle or high Human Development Index (HDI).Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Self-selected hospitals performing emergency surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive patients from at least one 2-week interval during July to December 2014. Postoperative mortality was analysed by hierarchical multivariable logistic regression.

Two filed experiments were conducted at Moutobes district, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt during 2014 and 2015 seasons. The study amid to find out the performance of loofah plants under three plant spacing's 4X4 m, 6x6 and 6x8m. The observed results could be concluded as following: different plant spacing had a significant effect on studied characteristics of loofah plants in both seasons: Narrow plant spacing of 4x4m gave the maximum number of plants/fed, number of cobs/ plant, number of total cutting and average of yield kg harvests, fruits and yield / Fadden. Meanwhile, the lowest values of aforementioned traits were noticed by wider plant spacing of 6x8m. Furthermore, plant spacing 6x8m produced longest ear diameter, ear length, plant height fruits good marketable % and number of seeds / fruit. On the other hand, plant spacing of 4x4 produced the lowest ones of plant spacing 6x6 was moderately and came in the second rank in all studied characters in both seasons.

Field experiments were conducted at Mootoubs, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt during four successive seasons of 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Commercial seed lots in the terms of original population denoted in (C0) were cultivated at first season and selfpollination was done. Cultivation on May,15 was done with plant spacing of 4X6 m 2 . The selection was performed on the plants of Co , recurrent 1 denote in (C1), recurrent2 denoted in (C2) and recurrent3 denoted in (C3) of luffa were also sown, and transplanted on May 15, 2013, 2014 and 2015 seasons at private farm at Of about 150 plants were selected for good plant characteristics. Seeds with the original population C0 and other recurrent populations were sown into a randomized complete blocks design with four replications, Each replicate for each population was represented by 50-70 plants 4 * 6m. The main results could be summarized as follows; The different recurrent selection cycles had apparent significant effect and marked improvement for all studied characters. Fruit diameters, fruit length, stem length, harvest numbers, Marketable fruit, number of ears per fruit and number of seeds per fruit were gradually increased as recurrent progressed from C0 to C3 recurrent selection. The yields of loofahs involving average yield a time or yield fed -1 were only improved significantly when plants were selected for three times (C3). Number of fruits plant -1 and early yield kg fed -1 were clearly decreased as recurrent selection progressed in the terms of advanced recurrent selection. From going discussion, it could be concluded that the simple recurrent selection had high affinity to improve morphological characteristics rather than yield. Yield improvement need more cycle of selection for getting more improvement since the C3 showed reasonable improvement in yield of loofahs.

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