BackgroundThere are concerns about high levels of demand for emergency health services. The aim was to identify the characteristics of the British population with a tendency to contact emergency medical services and EDs for minor or non-urgent problems.MethodsA survey of the British adult population in 2018. Six vignettes were constructed about illness in adults (cough/sore throat or diarrhoea/vomiting), injury in adults (sore rib or back pain) and fever in children (occurring weekday or weekend).ResultsThe response rate was 42%, with 2906 respondents. 11% (319/2716) of respondents selected to contact an ambulance and 43% ED, mainly for the vignettes about fever in children and sore rib. Males, people from ethnic minority communities and older people had a tendency to contact emergency services for minor problems. Tendency to call an ambulance was also characterised by ‘low resources’ (manual or unskilled occupations, no car, low health literacy), worry that a symptom might be serious, distress (feeling overwhelmed by health problems) and frequent use of EDs. For EDs, there was an attraction to EDs because of availability of tests.ConclusionWhereas use of emergency ambulances for minor or non-urgent problems appeared to be driven by people’s lack of resources, including lack of transport, use of EDs appeared to be driven by their attractive characteristic of offering tests quickly.

Introduction Online NHS111 was introduced in 2018 in response to increasing and unsustainable demand for Telephone NHS111. We explored user and staff perspectives of telephone and online NHS111 to understand how the two services were used, and whether and how online NHS111 had potential to reduce demand for telephone NHS111. Methods We used a convergent parallel mixed methods design, using data from the national online NHS 111 user survey and telephone user survey for 2 NHS 111 areas and semi-structured interviews with 32 recent users of online 111 and 16 NHS 111 staff. We analysed survey data for 3728 online users and 795 telephone users in SPSS, using chi-squared test for proportions and adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity and presence of long-term conditions. Qualitative data was analysed using Framework Analysis. Results Telephone NHS111 health adviser skills in probing and obtaining "soft information" were key to obtaining advice that was considered more appropriate and trusted than advice from online interactions, which relied on over-simplified or inappropriate questions. Telephone users were more satisfied with NHS111 than online users for all comparable measures, reported higher compliance with advice and were more likely to say they would have contacted another service if they had not used NHS111 (p<0.001) . Online NHS111 was perceived to provide a useful and convenient adjunct to the telephone service and widened access to NHS111 services for some subgroups of users who would not otherwise access the telephone service (e.g. communication barriers, social anxiety), or were concerned about "bothering" a health professional. The nature of the online consultation meant that online NHS111 was perceived as more disposable and used more speculatively. Conclusion Online 111 was perceived as a useful adjunct but not replacement for telephone NHS 111 with potential for channel shift hindered by reduced confidence in the online service.

expressed reluctance to compress deeply for fear of harming the victims. Conclusion Training compressions were better quality. The results show the quality of chest compressions delivered by lay bystanders in actual cases, and highlights depth as an area of concern that could improve with training enhancement.

Correction to list of authors.