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To evaluate speculation indirectly suggesting that brief arousal may be beneficial to animals, 39 cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) living in 4 large families were observed (a) after normal husbandry procedures that excite them (capture and brief removal of infants or older monkeys), (b) after exposure to an overflying bird model, and (c) compared with control days in which neither of the above occurred. Both arousal conditions caused a decrease in play and locomotion, and an increase in grooming and contact during the remainder of the day. These behavioral changes are similar to the patterns reported as positive effects of enrichment but are dissimilar to negative effects of long-term stressors reported. The pattern of changes in studies of enrichment and of stress enables more objective evaluation of ambiguous events.

SThis paper investigates some of the issues which contribute to the lack of use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) systems. It presents findings from a two‐year research study which examined the communication of 93 adolescent and adult AAC users with cerebral palsy and 186 of their communication partners. The methods of data collection were questionnaires, interviews and field notes. The results show that some of the obstacles to effective use of AAC systems include lack of availability and accessibility of AAC systems, communication partners' lack of knowledge of AAC systems, insufficient amount of therapy provided, type of vocabulary in AAC systems and gther modes of communication available to AAC user.Cet article examine certains problèmes qui contribuent au manque d'utilisation des systèmes de Communication Augmentative et Alternative (abréviation anglaise: AAC). Il présente les résultats de deux ans de recherches sur l'usage de l'AAC par 93 adolescents et adultes souffrant de paralysie cérébrale et par 186 de leurs partenaires en communication. La collecte des données s'est faite au moyen de questionnaires, les interviews et notes prises sur le terrain. Les résultats montrent que parmi les obstacles à un usage effectif des systèmes d'AAC on peut citer leur manque de disponibilité et d'accessibilité le manque de connaissance de l'AAC de la part des partenaires en communication, l'insuffisance de la thérapie, le type de vocabulaire des systèmes AAC et la présence d'autres modes de communication à la disposition de l'usager.In diesem Aufsatz werden einige Punkte erörtert, die zu mangelnden Einsatz unterstützender und alternativen Kommunikationssysteme (AAC = augmentative and alternative communication systems) beitragen. Es werden Ergebnisse aus einer zwei jährigen Studie präsentiert, die das Kommunikationsverhalter von 93 pubertären und erwachsenen AAC‐Benutzern mit spasticher Motorstörungen und 186 ihrer Kommunikationspartner untersuchte. Die Datenerhebungsmethoden bestanden aus Fragebögen, Gesprächer und Feldnotizen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Hindernisse gegen der effektiven Einsatz von AAC‐Systemen unter anderem darin bestehen, daß sie schwer erhältlich und schwer zugänglich sind, daß die Kommunikationspartner wenig darüber wissen, daß zu wenig Therapie geboten wird. Probleme entstehen auch durch das Vokabular, das in AAC‐Systemen und anderen Kommunikationsmodi verwendet werden, die dem AAC‐Benutzer zur Verfügung stehen.

While the term 'democracy' has existed in political a and philosophical vocabularies since classical Athens, representations of democracy by laypeople are relatively more recent. Lay representations of democracy are likely to be formed, maintained and changed by both implicit and explicit processes. Some features of lay representations are deeply seated and transmitted across cultures; others are shaped by the already existing thinking schemata; and they also shape the existing thinking schemata by foregrounding particular latent issues, by bringing them into focused consciousness, and by introducing new contents. In the present study, lay representations of democracy were explored in two cultures, in Slovakia and in Scotland. It was found that the most important terms associated with 'democracy' were value terms such as 'individual freedom', 'justice' and 'individual rights'. The remaining clusters of terms expressed political processes and ideological vocabularies. It is argued in accordance with dialogical epistemology that the co-construction of meanings in study of lay representations of democracy must take into consideration different kinds of reflexive relations.