A new family of phosphorus dendrimers containing on their surfaces 3, 6, 12, and 96 15-membered azamacrocycles has been synthesized. The coordinating ability of these macrocycles to palladium(0) atoms allowed the preparation of new dendrimers of several generations containing the corresponding metal complexes and several new nanoparticulated materials, where nanoparticles are stabilized mainly by the complexed dendrimers of the zero, first, and fourth generations. No reduction process of palladium(II) salts was needed to prepare nanoparticles of 2.5-7.9 nm diameter. All the new compounds and materials have been characterized by NMR, IR, elemental analysis and/or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) spectrometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction. Also UV-vis spectra were obtained. The Mizoroki-Heck reaction has been catalyzed in a homogeneous and heterogeneous manner by using four different materials; in all cases, the catalyst could be recovered and reused several times.

Heteroaggregation of engineered nanoparticles with suspended particulate matter in theory and practice: a roadmap for understanding and determining attachment efficiencies.