Expression of Schizosaccharomyces pombe pho1-encoded acid phosphatase is transcriptionally regulated by adenine and phosphate. Four genes, anr1-3 and anr5, encode negative regulators of pho1 expression. Apart from being designated as loci, the anr genes have not been further characterized. In this study we provide evidence that a strain carrying the deletion of rad24, a 14-3-3 protein-encoding gene, exhibits an anr mutant like the phenotype (higher phosphatase activity, higher transcript levels of pho1, lower sensitivity to adenine of pho1 expression) and that rad24 is closely linked, probably allelic, to anr5. By sequencing the two exons of the rad24 gene in a strain carrying the mutant allele anr5-13, we found a T/A-to-C/G transition in the 225th codon of its ORF, causing a leucine-to-serine substitution in a highly conserved region of all proteins of the 14-3-3 family. anr2 and anr3 are not allelic to rad24. The mutant alleles of anr2 and anr3 are recessive to their wild-type alleles and do not belong to the same epistasis group as rad24.

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Atherosclerosis is still considered a disease burden with long-term damaging processes towards the cardiovascular system. Evaluation of atherosclerotic stages requires the use of independent markers such as those already considered traditional, that remain the main therapeutic target for patients with atherosclerosis, together with emerging biomarkers. The challenge is finding models of predictive markers that are particularly tailored to detect and evaluate the evolution of incipient vascular lesions. Important advances have been made in this field, resulting in a more comprehensible and stronger linkage between the lipidic profile and the continuous inflammatory process. In this paper, we analysed the most recent data from the literature studying the molecular mechanisms of biomarkers and their involvement in the cascade of events that occur in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.