The research problem is lack of oilseed sunflower area in West Minya (WM) in the national project "Cultivation 1.5 Million Feddan", Middle Egypt (ME) and Bani Mazaar (BM). The aims are: identify extensional requirements (knowledge, attitude, practice and behavior (KAPB)) and economic requirements (technical efficiency (TECRS) and economic efficiency (CE) for applying sunflower contracting.531 farmers are selected by simple random sampling. Only 90 farmers represent 16.9% respond to sunflower contracting following Desert Research Center' demo-plots. Data are collected by personal interview during Nov. 2021 to May2022. Descriptive statistics, correlation, multiple regression, and Data Envelopment analysis (DEA) are employed to achieve these aims. Results are: the lowest (KAPB) levels are in WM (52.2%, 48%, 44.8% and 48.3%), while the highest scores are in ME (88%, 82%, 80% and 80.7%). Pearson correlation demonstrates significant positive relationships between farmers' behavior and education, income and experience, while significant negative correlations with age. (R 2\ ) of multiple linear regression proves that independent variables explain (72%, 82 % and 86%) of respondents 'behavior in three zones respectively. (DEA) demonstrates that sunflower isn't produced efficiently (TECRS= 0.878 and CE=0.796) i.e. the same output can be achieved even if inputs and costs are decreased by (12.2%) and (20.4%). Additionally, WM'farmers are the least efficient than others, conversely, ME 'farmers are the highest efficient. To achieve the target output (1076.46 kg/Fadden), it is recommended to rationalize and re-allocate excessive resources. Also, Nash equilibrium (win, win) is achieved if decision maker provides flexible floor price, extensional service and recycles by-products.

In addition to livestock sector challenges in Egypt, beef and veal market suffers from decreasing selfsufficiency rate from 75% to 56%, and increasing prices of domestic and import beef during (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020). The problems of this study are: (1) the variation of price increase between domestic and imported beef may declines consumer welfare, (2) imported beef is very discriminated by origin of country (Brazil, India, and rest of world) and product type (boneless and in-bone), and so the total aggregation may causes considerable bias in demand model. According to mentioned problems, the paper aims at: (1) Econometric estimation of the demand system to derive elasticity parameters and check the model inconsistency or aggregation bias. (2) Calculation consumer surplus due to price increase of domestic and imported beef. Rotterdam demand system in the framework of aggregation bias approach is applied to get consistent parameters. Results verify the existence of aggregation problem according to Wald test in the restricted Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation (SURE) model. Additionally, for domestic beef, expenditure elasticity is lower than one, and more than one for foreign beef. On the other hand, price elasticity of domestic beef is inelastic and weakly substitute for the foreign beef, while the contrary is not true for foreign beef. Consumers should be compensated by about 21.5% and 10.5 % respectively as domestic and foreign beef prices increase over the average prices. Future research should consider the aggregation bias in estimating elasticities and consumer welfare in demand systems under various income categories and sectors.

This paper aims to analyze Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) for 3 simple random samples of beneficiaries utilized from agricultural development projects: MARSDEV in Matrouh, North coast of Egypt region, and WEE in Sohag and Aswan, South of Upper Egypt region through (1) calculating (WEAI) and its sub-indices : 5DE( 5 dimensions of empowerment: Production , resources, income control, leadership and time) and GPI (gender parity index) , monitoring changes between 2017 (project terminal) and 2022 (current situation), and highlighting differences of (WEAI) between regions, (2) econometric estimating of the impact of socioeconomic characteristics on the latent variable "women empowerment status" by Multiple Indicator Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model in 2022.The results explains that the majority of disempowered women are young, illiterate, and low income. The poorest situation of WEAI is in the North Coast, as WEAI score in 2017 is only 26.6%, depicts irrelevant accomplishments in 5DE and GPI. In 2022, WEAI scores improve in all samples due to agricultural development projects. MIMIC model results prove that age is the only exogenous variable affecting women's empowerment as power source in extended Bedouin households in North coast, while age, education, and income have significant collective impact on empowerment in South of Upper Egypt. It also displays that as empowerment changes by one SD, all indicators change directly by one SD except workload change inversely. Recommendations are: give more priority for women empowerment in North Coast of Egypt and to implement national observatory to provide annual WEAI status.

The study aims to evaluate the market integration in the main importing markets for the Egyptian shelled groundnut among other rivals. The study applied Vector Error-correction model (VECM) to test the co-integration existence between prices. Geographical Concentration investigation showed that Greece, Italy, Turkey, Tunisia, Jordon, Syria, and Netherlands are the main importers of Egyptian groundnut exports. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (1987-2017) revealed that all prices are stationary at the 1 st differences, i.e. prices are integrated of order one P~I(1).Johansen co-integration test indicated that there is only one cointegration equation that confirm the long run relationship among rivals 'prices of shelled groundnut in each market.Error Correction Terms (ECTs) proved the unidirectional impact of other exporters 'prices on the Egyptian export price, and 6%, 22.8%, 70.6%, 75.3%, and 58.1% of the Egyptian price disequilibrium were be adjusted each year in Greece, Italy, Turkey, Jordon, and Netherlands markets respectively. Weak exogeneity test revealed that Argentine is considered a price leader in Greece, Italy, and Netherlands, and China is considered a leader price in Turkey and Jordon, while Tunisia is considered a regular price competitive. It is expected that the Egyptian export price will upward deviate 23%, 1%, and 31% from Argentinian price in Greece, Italy, and Netherlands markets respectively, and 13.7%, 27.6% from Chinese price in Jordon and Turkey respectively. It is recommended that Egyptian exporters should adopt low price policy not less than the leaders' prices as it covers the producer cost to allure importers to redirect to the Egyptian market.

This paper aims to analyze the impact of Wadi Kharouba rehabilitation on the society's welfare through: (1) econometric estimation of the impact of the Wadi' add-value and households 'demographic variables on per capita expenditure per month as a proxy variable of beneficiaries 'welfare; and (2) identifying the preference between individual welfare indicators and collective welfare indicators from farmers and society' points of views. A census of the Agarma tribe households benefited from Wadi rehabilitation is surveyed by in-depth interview questionnaire in July, 2022. Two-Stages Least Square-Instrumental Variable (2SLS-IV) technique is applied to overcome the endogeneity problem. The empirical results show that as the Wadi add -value increases by 1%, the per capita expenditure increase by 37.225%. Furthermore, demographic characteristics such as household head' age, household size, education, and dependency ratio significantly influence the add value and then per capita expenditure variables. Another purposive sample of experts is surveyed to identify the preference between individual and collective welfare criteria and indicators of Wadi Kharouba. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) show that the highest preference is assigned to individual welfare criterion (53%) which indicates the priority of Bedouin's economic outcomes in trade off collective welfare criterion of society and environment (47%).High priorities are given to three indicators: "farm income to total income" (32.1%), "add food and fodder production" (26.8%) and "abating of land common conflicts" (17.8%). The findings suggest that scaling up the rehabilitation activities, specifically irrigation facilities will enhance per capita expenditure, livelihood and household welfare in the marginalized Bedouin communities.