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Hardman JG. Prediction of arterial oxygen partial pressure after changes in FI O2 : validation and clinical application of a novel formula. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107: 806-12 2 Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 818-24 3 Hardman JG, Al-Otaibi HM. Prediction of arterial oxygen tension: validation of a novel formula. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182: 435-6 4 Gama de Abreu M, Guldner A, Pelosi P. Spontaneous breathing activity in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012; 25: 148-55 5 Mikkelsen ME, Christie JD, Lanken PL, et al. The adult respiratory distress syndrome cognitive outcomes study. Long-term neuropsychological function in survivors of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185: 1307-15 6 McMahon RA, Columb MO, Mahajan RP, Hardman JG. Validation and application of a high-fidelity, computational model of acute respiratory distress syndrome to the examination of the indices of oxygenation at constant lung-state. Br

Background The definite treatment of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) as the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease is open heart surgery and the operation technique depends on the coronary artery anatomy. We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of various root Aortogram views to detect abnormal coronary artery configuration and course in these patients.Methods In this retrospective study, the reports of coronary anatomy in angiography and operation notes of TOF patients since 2005 to 2017 were evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity of the two common root Aortogram views including the left anterior oblique/cranial (LAO/CRA) and left anterior oblique/caudal (LAO/CAU) were determined.Results 451 patients with the median age of 28 months (3-432 months) were included. All patients had LAO/CRA views and 199 patients had both LAO/CRA and LAO/CAU views. The rate of coronary abnormalities reported by surgery was 8%, and abnormal origin of the left anterior descending artery from the right coronary artery was the most common reported anomaly (4.4%). The sensitivity of the LAO/CAU view was 100%, but LAO/CRA view was about 75% in detecting abnormal coronary configuration. Both of them had excellent specificity (~100%). No significant sex difference was seen between different coronary anatomy abnormalities.Conclusion The Caudal root angiogram is an essential view to evaluate coronary artery anatomy in TOF patients and it seems that there is no need for other views like lateral view, but relying on LAO/CRA view alone may lead to significant misdiagnosis of the coronary arteries, crossing the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT).

Background: Coronary sinus dimension is an important factor for diagnosing some types of cyanosis as well as congenital heart diseases and insertion of some devices into the coronary sinus if required. This study was designed to access the diameter and Z-score of the coronary sinus among children under 18 years of age. Methods: In this cross-sectional study on 95 individuals, the coronary sinus diameter was measured by transthoracic echocardiography in the four-chamber view at the connection to the right atrium, middle part, and distal end. The linear regression equation was utilized to determine age-adjust reference values, Z-scores, and the relationship between the individuals’ coronary sinus diameter age, height, and body surface area. The study was conducted from March to July 2020 in Namazi hospital clinic of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Results: The mean age of the persons who entered this study was 5.87±4.25 years. The mean coronary sinus diameter was 4.91±1.29 mm at the site of connection to the right atrium, 4.50±1.44 mm at the middle part, and 3.74±1.32 mm at the distal end. Coronary sinus diameter correlates positively with the participants’ age, weight, height, and body surface area (P<0.001). Conclusion: Coronary sinus diameter significantly correlates with the age, height, and body surface area of the cases. These features are useful in diagnosing some congenital heart diseases and insertion of suitable devices through it.