No abstract

Silver nanoparticles, one of the most popular nanomaterials, are used extensively in medicine and industries. The present study biosynthesized spherical Ag/AgCl nanoparticles with a size range of 10-50 nm in less than 5 min. The synthesis was performed in a single step, in a low-cost and eco-friendly manner, from the aqueous extract of Malva Sylvestris leaves. The aqueous extract had a large number of phenolic compounds and carbohydrates as reducing and capping agents. The nanoparticles also showed significant antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against some multi drug resistant bacteria. They additionally showed antifungal activities on several Candida species. The highest concentration of Ag/AgCl-NPs (62.5 μg/ml) was required in order to inhibit P. aeruginosa B 52, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis growth. The lowest concentration of Ag/AgCl-NPs (7.8125 μg/ml) inhibited the growth of C. orthopsilosis, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and B. subtilis ATCC 6633. A total of 125 μg/ml of Ag/AgCl-NPs was used to prevent P. aeruginosa B 52 biofilm growth. The concentration of 62.5 μg/ml Ag/AgCl-NPs also eradicated both P. aeruginosa 48 and P. aeruginosa B 52 biofilms. The results showed that Hg and Pb contaminants in water could be colorimetrically detected by these nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have widespread applications. Recently, the synthesis of NPs using plant extract has attracted much attention. In this study, with an easy and rapid process at room temperature, AgNPs were produced by the aqueous extract of dried

The Lemnaceae family (duckweed) consists of at least three recognized genera with six reported species in Iran that are distributed in wetlands. Duckweeds are the simplest and smallest flowering aquatic monocots with free-floating fronds that can reproduce asexually every 2–3 days. Duckweed could be a major source of balanced amino acids and high protein content, which is increasingly promising for biotechnological applications. For molecular classification and species identification of the collected samples, DNA barcoding was performed using two standard chloroplast markers, the spacer region between the ATP synthase subunits F and H (atpF-atpH) and the intron region of the ribosomal protein S16 (rps16). The results confirm the presence of four species belonging to the two genera Lemna and Spirodela. In addition, L. turionifera was detected for the first time in Iran. Due to the high growth rates of duckweed, measurement of biomass accumulation and doubling time are important factors in determining growth potential, especially for native species. The relative growth rates (RGR), doubling times (DT), biomass accumulation, and relative weekly yields (RY) of 40 distinct duckweed clones were determined under standard cultivation conditions. The dry weight–based RGR ranged from 0.149 to more than 0.600 per day, DT from 1.12 to 9 days, and RY from 7 to 108.9 per week. All values are comparable with previous studies. RGR and RY of selected clones are higher than the growth potential for a wide range of wild plants and common crops. These data support that native duckweed has high productivity value and should be further investigated as a potentially rich protein source for alternative human food, livestock feed, and recombinant protein production.

Banks use various advertisingmediato develop their marketing plans.However, all the advertising media have not the same impacts on the economic growth of banksas their efficiencies are influenced by several technical and socialfactors. In this study, we investigate the importance of various advertising media on the progress of Iran private banks based on the evaluation of some important parameters such asthe media cost, geographical selection power, audiences’ media habits, type of the advertising message and advertisements of competitor banks.In this regard, television, newspapers and magazines, radio, and billboard and sport fields are selected as the mainmedia for the banks commercial activities. Using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method, the media cost with the importance of 34.3% is the main parameter and the type of the message with the importance of 10.2% is the least important factor influencing the selection of media by the banks for the advertisement operations. The results show that the effectiveness of advertising media is different sincetelevision with the importance of 47.3% is placed in the first level and the billboard and sport fields with 9% importance is in the last place. In general, the order of priority of advertising media is:television>newspapers and magazines> radio> billboard and sport fields.This study offers insight into the development of analysis for the selection of effective advertisingtools based on the factors related to the advertisement properties and the community behavior.