Management of diabetic foot ulcers remains a rather challenging task. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a central role in wound healing. It acts on epithelial cells and fibroblasts promoting restoration of damaged epithelium. However, its bioavailability is impaired in chronic diabetic foot ulcers. Current evidence suggests that application of human recombinant EGF in addition to standard treatment is able to achieve both partial and complete healing and to prevent foot amputations. Its efficacy has been tested at various concentrations and by various administration routes (topical application and intralesional injection). Intralesional injection has better availability on the deep wound layers, but pain at the injection site is a common complaint. Generally, adverse events have been minor to mild. Finally, numerous issues need to be further clarified before widespread use of EGF becomes possible in everyday practice. Such issues include optimal dosage and administration route, characteristics of the ulcers most likely to heal (severity and ischemic/neuropathic or both), and cost-effectiveness.

Although the existing data link specific S100 proteins with IBD, there are still several drawbacks in the use of these markers for diagnostic purposes. Thus, it seems that further research is mandatory in order to eliminate the impact of confounding factors but also to detect additional associations between S100 proteins and IBD or novel S100 proteins with a closer correlation with IBD.

Diabetic foot ulcers are still extremely difficult to heal. Therefore, therapeutic options to improve healing rates are continuously being explored. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been used in addition to standard treatment of the diabetic foot for more than 20 years. Evidence suggests that HBO reduces amputation rates and increases the likelihood of healing in infected diabetic foot ulcers, in association with improved tissue oxygenation, resulting in better quality of life. Nonetheless, HBO represents an expensive modality, which is only available in few centers. Moreover, adverse events necessitate a closer investigation of its safety. Finally, it is not entirely clear which patients stand to benefit from HBO and how these should be selected. In conclusion, HBO appears promising, but more experience is needed before its broad implementation in the routine care of the diabetic foot.

Elevated serum angiogenin and angiopoietin-2 levels and lower serum angiopoietin-1 levels were shown in IBD patients, as well as a different pattern of angiogenic factor alterations related to location, treatment, smoking habits and gender.