Objective: This study examines the chemical and metallographic composition (microstructure, grain size, inclusion content) of austenitic stainless steel developed as biomaterials for used in the manufacture of orthopedic implants. Method: An analysis was carried out of twelve implants removed from patients affected by inflammation. Chemical analyses were carried out using Optical Emission Spectrometry and Energy Dispersive Microanalysis (EDS), and the grain size was determined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) according to ASTM Standard E 1382 97. Results: It was observed that all the implants had a larger grain size than is recommended by the Standard. The presence of delta ferrite was also observed in ten of the twelve implants removed, which according to ASTM Standard F138-92, should not be perceived microscopically under magnification of 100x. Conclusions: In eight cases, there is a strong indication that the inflammation was triggered by pitting corrosion. Level of Evidence: Level III, Systematic review of studies.
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the corrosion resistance of heat-treated (Reciproc and WaveOne) and non-heat-treated (ProTaper and Mtwo) superelastic nickel-titanium endodontic files when immersed in a 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution. Materials and Methods Anodic polarization curves were obtained with potential sweeps that began at the open circuit potential or corrosion potential (E corr ). The pitting potential (E pit ) was identified on the anodic polarization curve as the potential at which a sudden increase in current was observed. The micromorphology of the 28 tested files was analyzed before and after the electrochemical assay using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance with the post hoc Bonferroni test (for E corr ) and the Student t -test for independent samples (for E pit ). Results The mean E corr values were 0.506 V for ProTaper, 0.348 V for Mtwo, 0.542 V for Reciproc, and 0.321 V for WaveOne files. Only WaveOne and Protaper files exhibited pitting corrosion, with E pit values of 0.879 V and 0.904 V, respectively. On the SEM images of the ProTaper and WaveOne files, cavities suggestive of pitting corrosion were detected. Conclusions Signs of corrosion were observed in both heat-treated and non-heat-treated files. Of the evaluated files, WaveOne (a heat-treated file) and ProTaper (a non-heat-treated file) exhibited the lowest corrosion resistance.
Recebido em 14/1/11; aceito em 27/6/11; publicado na web em 3/8/11 EVALUATION OF THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF STAINLESS STEEL ISO 5832-9 AND F138 IMPLANTS REMOVED FROM PATIENTS. This work has compared the surfaces of two different steel samples used as orthopedical implants, classified as ASTM F138 and ISO5832-9, through optical emission spectroscopy, by means of SEM and EDS. The samples (implants) were also submitted to potentiodynamic cyclic polarization in Ringer lactate and NaCl 0.9 M L -1 solutions; ISO5832-9 sample did not show any kind of localized corrosion, but in the case of F138 steel was observed a pit localized corrosion in both solutions. In Ringer lactate solution it was observed a loss of about 63% for nickel and 26% for iron for F138 stell, compared to the initial composition.Keywords: stain steel; orthopedic implant; corrosion. INTRODUÇÃOOs implantes ortopédicos no Brasil são produzidos principalmente em aço inoxidável devido a dois fatores: custo mais baixo, em comparação aos metais à base de cobalto ou de titânio e suas ligas, e por apresentarem boa resistência mecânica e química. 1 Atualmente os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos com maiores teores de nitrogênio têm se destacado em implantologia, por oferecerem maior resistência à corrosão e boa aceitação clínica. Estudos recentes demonstram que os aços classificados como ASTM F138, da American Society for Testing and Materials, que possuem em sua composição teores de nitrogênio na ordem de 0,02% em peso apresentaram menor resistência à corrosão localizada, se comparados aos aços com teores maiores como ocorre nos aços classificados como ISO 5832-9, da International Organization for Standardization, que apresentam cerca de 0,4% em peso. 2 O nióbio também apresenta um papel relevante na resistência à corrosão visto que, em teores maiores na ordem de 0,3% em peso, composição observada nos aços ISO 5832-9, a corrosão localizada na forma de pites é menor que nos casos em que esse elemento de liga não está presente, como ocorre nos aços F138. Pesquisas anteriores, com os aços ISO 5832-9 em meio de NaCl a 0,9% mol L -1 , na temperatura de 36,5 o C confirmam o papel do nióbio, presente nesse aço na composição de 0,3%, conferindo-lhe maior resistência à corrosão localizada comparativamente aos aços 316L e F138. 2 O implante metálico, quando sofre deterioração no interior do corpo humano, pode comprometer a sua integridade mecânica e promover reações biológicas adversas no paciente implantado. Uma das formas de degradação é a corrosão, seja na forma localizada, em frestas, que afetam regiões específicas onde o fluido corpóreo fica estagnado, seja na forma de sítios aleatórios na superfície do metal denominada corrosão por pites, que aliadas aos esforços mecânicos cíclicos a que são normalmente submetidos, aceleram a liberação de partículas e íons metálicos, levando à falha prematura do implante. 2 A biocompatibilidade local e sistêmica de um aço utilizado na ortopedia pode ser comprometida pelos produtos de sua corrosão, que são os responsáveis fundamentai...
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