Most research on helping behavior has concentrated on situational and personality effects on the decision to provide emergency aid; less work has dealt with social determinants of common, nonemergency helping. We investigated the effects of religious and associational ties on secular volunteering and charitable giving in a sample of 800 Indiana residents. We found that belonging to a range of voluntary associations increases volunteering and giving. Participation in church groups also increases both forms of secular helping, but attending church does not.

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The C1 domain represents the recognition module for diacylglycerol and phorbol esters in protein kinase C, Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein (RasGRP), and related proteins. 3 H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding was determined; it decreased in going from the single S8Y mutant to the quadruple mutant. The full-length RasGRP2 protein with the mutated C1 domains also showed strong phorbol ester binding, albeit modestly weaker than that of the C1 domain alone (K d ‫؍‬ 8.2 ؎ 1.1 nM for the full-length protein containing all four mutations), and displayed translocation in response to phorbol ester. RasGRP2 is a guanyl exchange factor for Rap1. Consistent with the ability of phorbol ester to induce translocation of the full-length Ras-GRP2 with the mutated C1 domain, phorbol ester enhanced the ability of the mutated RasGRP2 to activate Rap1. Modeling confirmed that the four mutations helped the binding cleft maintain a stable conformation. RasGRP2 is exceptional in that its

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