No abstract

Transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B) isoforms are growth factors that function physiologically to regulate development, cellular proliferation, and immune responses. The role of TGF-B signaling in mammary tumorigenesis is complex, as TGF-B has been reported to function as both a tumor suppressor and tumor promoter. To elucidate the role of TGF-B signaling in mammary gland development, tumorigenesis, and metastasis, the gene encoding type II TGF-B receptor, Tgfbr2, was conditionally deleted in the mammary epithelium (Tgfbr2

BackgroundObsessional ruminations (obsessions without any accompanying overt compulsive behaviour) were previously considered especially difficult to treat.MethodCognitive-behavioural theory regarding obsessional problems is discussed. Strategies for therapy developed on the basis of this theory are reviewed.ResultsThe cognitive-behavioural theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder proposes that obsessional problems occur as a consequence of the particular meaning or significance which patients attach to the occurrence and/or content of intrusive thoughts. When intrusions are interpreted (appraised) as indicating increased personal responsibility, this results in both distress and the occurrence of neutralising behaviour. Cognitive-behavioural treatment seeks to change responsibility beliefs and appraisals, and thereby reduce distress and eliminate neutralising responses which usually occur as covert neutralising (mental rituals). Evidence is emerging for the success of therapy developed on this theoretical basis.ConclusionsRecent developments in the psychological conceptualisation of obsessional ruminations have improved the prospects for successful therapy.