Weeds are the major biological constraint in direct seeded rice (DSR) due to the concurrent emergence of competitive weeds, absence of water to suppress weeds at the time of seedling emergence and emergence of difficult to control weeds. Strategies on weed management in direct seeded rice depend on critical period of weed control, weed flora and method to be adopted. In order to achieve the long term and sustainable management of weeds in DSR an integration of different weed management strategies like integrated weed management (IWM) are essential. The literature regarding the critical period of weed control, weed flora and different methods for the sustainable management of weeds in direct seeded rice are reviewed in this paper.

Abstract:The experiments were conducted in vitro in the Agricultural Microbiology laboratory at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India to evaluate the compatibility of biocontrol agents Pseudomonas fluorescens and Tricoderma viride and N fixing organisms Azospirillum lipoferum and Azotobacter chroococcum to bispyribac sodium + metamifop 14 % SE, a new broad spectrum post emergence pre-mix herbicide mixture used for weed control in rice. The experiments were conducted in completely randomized block design with seven different concentrations of herbicide viz., 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 ) which recorded a growth inhibition of 31.48 and 37.04 per cent respectively were slightly harmful to the antagonistic fungus. The compatibility results revealed the possibility of using bispyribac sodium + metamifop for weed control at recommended doses (70, 80 or 90 g ha -1) under bio intensive disease management programme involving P. fluorescens / T. viride and nutrient management programme involving A. liopferum / A chroococcum.

Wetlands are the link between land and water which provide imperative services to living forms. There are different kinds of wetlands around the world performing vivacious functions like water conservation, food supply, cultural value, biodiversity hotspots, pollution abatement etc. Nevertheless, increasing human population has lead to urbanization and land use changes resulting in climate change and pollution and ultimately in wetland destruction. Henceforth, conservation of wetlands is significant; for that at the international level Ramsar convention was steered and selected most important wetlands in the world which are under destruction. India has 26 Ramsar sites. Particulars regarding different kinds of wetlands, its significance, conservation and major wetlands in India are reviewed in this paper.

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