Speciation in a biodiversity hotspot: phylogenetic relationships, species delimitation, 2and divergence times of the Patagonian ground frogs of Eupsophus roseus group 3 (Alsodidae) 4 5 Abstract 12 13The alsodid ground frogs genus Eupsophus is divided into the roseus (2n=30) and 14 vertebralis (2n=28) groups, distributed throughout the temperate Nothofagus forests of 15 South America. Currently, the roseus group is composed by four species, while the 16 vertebralis group consists of two. Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation 17 within each group are controversial. In fact, previous analyses considered that roseus group 18 was composed between four to nine species. In this work, we evaluated phylogenetic 19 relationships, diversification times, and species delimitation within roseus group using a 20 multi-locus dataset. For this purpose, mitochondrial (D-loop, Cyt b, and COI) and nuclear 21 (POMC and CRYBA1) partial sequences, were amplified from 164 individuals, 22 representing all species. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian approaches were used to 23 reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. Species tree was estimated using BEAST and 24 singular value decomposition scores for species quartets (SVDquartets). Species limits 25 were evaluated with six coalescent approaches. Diversification times were estimated using 26 mitochondrial and nuclear rates with LogNormal relaxed clock in BEAST. Nine well-27 supported monophyletic lineages were recovered in Bayesian, ML, and SVDquartets, 28 including eight named species and a lineage composed by specimens from Villarrica 29 population (Bootstrap: >90, PP:> 0.9). Single-locus species delimitation analyses 30 overestimated the species number in E. migueli, E. calcaratus and E. roseus lineages, while 31 multi-locus analyses recovered as species the nine lineages observed in phylogenetic 32 analyses (>0.95). It is hypothesized that Eupsophus diversification occurred during Mid-33 Pleistocene (0.42-0.14 Mya), with most species originated after of the Last Southern 34 Patagonian Glaciation (0.18 Mya). Our results revitalize the hypothesis that E. roseus group 35 is composed by eight species and support to Villarrica lineage as a new putative species. 36 37 41 42 Introduction 43 44From the operational point of view, the notion of biodiversity encompasses several 45 different levels of biological organization, from the species' make up genetic to ecosystems 46 and landscapes, in which the species is the most significant unit. Species are used for 47 comparisons in almost all biological fields including ecology, evolution, and conservation 48 [1-3]; no doubt the central unit for systematics is also the species [4]. Furthermore, 49 biodiversity hotspots are selected on the basis of the species they possess, conservation 50 schemes are assessed on how many species are preserved, and conservation legislation and 51 politics are focused on species preservation [5,6]. 52Although the importance of species concepts debate [7,8], and that the species as 53 taxonomic hierarchy...