No abstract

Gooseberry is one of the most promising and underrated small fruit crops. There is a need to improve and genotype the existing cultivars, and this work requires the use of new efficient DNA marking techniques. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a modern approach for work with genetic resources. However, the genetic determinants of key qualitative traits are poorly studied. Therefore, we developed SSR markers located in flavonoid biosynthesis genes that can affect the resistance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses to study the genetic diversity of gooseberry cultivars grown in the Russian Federation and varying in genetic and geographical origin. We have genotyped 22 gooseberry cultivars using a set of 19 of our original microsatellite markers and two neutral previously published ones. A total of 53 alleles were found. Nine of the 21 analyzed loci were polymorphic. The most polymorphic loci of flavonoid biosynthesis were found in the DFR gene (RucDFR1-2, RucDFR1-3, RucDFR2-1), their mean PIC (polymorphism information content) being 0.65, comparable to the PIC values of neutral markers. Our set of gene-targeted SSR markers showed that most of all the studied gooseberry cultivars differed in origin, based on which they were divided into three groups: European cultivars, Russian cultivars, and interspecies hybrids. Thus, the polymorphic markers can be used for cultivar identification and certification as well as for the marker-assisted selection of gooseberry plants having different origins and phenotypic traits.

В Центральном федеральном округе РФ имеются большие площади техногенно нарушенных земель. Они подлежат восстановлению с помощью лесной рекультивации. Основными объектами проведения лесной рекультивации являются отвалы. Сосна обыкновенная (Pinus sylvеstris L.) считается основной породой при облесении песчаных и песчано-меловых отвалов. О целесообразности использования сосны для восстановления нарушенных земель можно судить по массе надземных и подземных органов. Запасы общей фитомассы в насаждении сосны составляют 53,9 ц/га, в то время как в насаждении робинии лжеакации — 182,2 ц/га. Кроме того фитомасса сосны отличается крайне бедным химическим составом. Это свидетельствует о том, что чистые культуры сосны обыкновенной не обладают значительным мелиоративным эффектом. В процессе лесной рекультивации целесообразно создавать смешанные культуры с включением лиственных пород, в том числе робинии лжеакации

The study sites is located in an iron-mining district of European part of Russia, called The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly. Birch tree (Betula pendula Roth) plantation was created in 1972 in two different types of heap dumps (hydraulic-mine dumps and mining dumps). Afforested dumps are mainly consisted of cenomanian and aptian sands with the admixture of mesozoic carbonate rocks. In particular hydraulic-mine dumps are formed with sand material and mining dumps are formed with sandy-lime material. For improving poor properties of sand substrate before the planting birch trees on hydraulic-mine dumps were used the technique of soil transfer. The re-spreading fertile layer of soil varies from 30 to 80 cm. Substrate quality varied considerably. Long-term growth and survival of birch tree were analyzed and volume per ha were calculated in different slope parts. Study results show that double-layer substrate with fertile layer (30-40 cm) on the top would not appear to be the best way to rehabilitate mine ecosystems and it has significant disadvantages. At the age of 38 years, common birch is characterized by sufficiently high growth parameters, but low survival.

Various types of vegetation were tested on the dumps of the Kursk magnetic anomaly (KMA), composed of various rocks and their mixtures, with the improvement of forest growing conditions by land use and without this technique, including five types of shrubby species: sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), siberian peashrub (Caragana arborescens Lam.), golden currant (Ribes aureum Pursh.), tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica L.) and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa L.). Growth indicators, safety and productivity of breeds were studied. Golden currant was one of the first to be tested, which turned out to be an unsuitable breed for creating protective plantings on dumps without measures to improve their forest growing conditions. On chalk-marl mixtures and quaternary loams, it completely fell out by the age of 12-15 years. Shrubs used in forest reclamation on two-component post-technogenic areas are characterized by different preservation. By the age of 43, the greatest preservation, equal to 50.5%, was noted in the sea buckthorn. It also has the highest growth rates. When choosing shrub species for forest reclamation, it is necessary to take into account their biological productivity, which increases the concentration of nutrients in the substrates and improves their physical properties. The sea buckthorn at the age of 9 has a large phytomass (2368 g), the heaviest leaf mass (396 g) and a total supply of phytomass (143.9 kg /ha) in the stand. The authors recommend using shrub species for laying preliminary crops at the initial stage of reclamation or introducing them into complex plantings in an amount of no more than 50%. Taking into account the soil-improving role of shrub species, it would be advisable to further introduce more durable tree species.