The marketing oil palm FFB is a process of the commodity flow accompanied by a transfer of ownership rights, creation of time utility, place utility, and form utility undertaken by marketing institutions that implement one or more marketing functions.  Selling of oil palm FFB by the farmers involve village middlemen, and wholesaler. This type of marketing implementation seems to have an influence on FFB price at farmer’s gate.  The results showed that marketing functions conducted by all marketing institutions were financing and risk-taking, while other marketing functions were done by individuals related to their position and requirement.  The total marketing margin of the traders was IDR 700,00 (63.64% of FFB price at the farm gate), while the farmer’s share was 61.11% from the FFB price at the processing plant.  There were two marketing channels of FFB in operation, the first included farmers – small traders – big traders – palm oil processing plant, and the second was farmers-big traders-palm oil processing plant. The second channel was more efficient, but the farmers prefer to use the first channel because their FFB production was not enough to fulfill the minimum selling required by the big traders. The majority of farmers still sell their FFB to village middlemen.

The objectives of this research were: (1) to analyze the use of labor allocation, productivity and income of swamp rice farmers of users and non-users of combine harvester technology; (2) to explore the impact of combine harvester technology and other factors on rice farm income; and (3) to analyze the impacts of using combine harvester technology on the socio-economic condition of farmers and harvest workers. From the result of the research, it can be seen that the amount of labor allocation in swamp rice farming conducted by farmer users of combine harvester is smaller than that of the non-users, that is 57,60 HOK and 117,63 HOK respectively. The productivity of swamp rice farming on the users is 4.543.56 kg per hectare per year in the form of dry grains whereas that of the non-users only reached 4,423,33 kg per hectare per year. Income of swamp rice farming using combine harvester is larger if compared with that of the non users that is equal to Rp14,942,737.16 per hectare per year for the users and Rp9,954,095.76 per hectare per year for the non-users. From the result of regression analysis, it can be seen that dummy variables of combine harvester technology, experience of farming, productivity, fertilizer cost, pesticide cost and labor cost have significant impacts on rice farmer income. Combine Harvester technology has both positive and negative impacts on social, economic and technical conditions in swamp rice farming for the farmers and worker harvesters.Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) menganalisis penggunaan alokasi tenaga kerja, produktivitas dan pendapatan petani padi rawa pengguna dan non-pengguna teknologi combine harvester, (2) menjajaki pengaruh teknologi combine harvester dan faktor-faktor lainnya terhadap pendapatan usahatani padi, dan (3) menganalisis dampak penggunaan teknologi combine harvester terhadap kondisi sosio-ekonomi petani dan buruh panen. Dari hasil penelitian, dapat diketahui bahwa besarnya alokasi tenaga kerja pada usahatani padi rawa lebak yang dilakukan oleh petani pengguna combine harvester lebih kecil daripada non pengguna, yaitu 57,60 HOK dan 117,63 HOK. Produktivitas hasil usahatani padi rawa lebak pada petani pengguna sebesar 4.543,56 kg per hektar per tahun dalam bentuk gabah kering panen (GKP), sedangkan petani non pengguna hanya 4.423,33 kg per hektar per tahun. Pendapatan usahatani padi rawa lebak dengan menggunakan combine harvester lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan non pengguna, yaitu sebesar Rp14.942.737,16 per hektar per tahun untuk petani pengguna dan Rp9954.095,76 per hektar per tahun untuk non pengguna. Dari hasil analisis regresi, dapat dilihat bahwa variabel dummy teknologi combine harvester, pengalaman usahatani, produktivitas, biaya pupuk, biaya pestisida dan biaya tenaga kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pendapatan usahatani padi. Teknologi Combine Harvester berdampak pada kondisi sosial, ekonomi dan teknis dalam usahatani padi rawa lebak, baik dampak positif maupun negatif pada petani dan buruh panen. Kata kunci: combine harvester, sosi...

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Farmers' institutions, whether fostered by the government or those that have emerged from the initiatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), have an important position in developing vegetable agribusiness. This research aimed to compering the institutional dynamics of government-assisted farmers and non-government organizations and to formulate a collective learning institutional framework. The survey method was carried out by taking disproportional stratified random sampling, the data were analyzed using scoring, chi-square crosstabs and SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate that the institutional dynamics of farmers are on average in moderate criteria with differences in dynamic indicators. Government-assisted groups prioritize achieving agribusiness goals, while NGO-assisted groups develop an egalitarian structure. Factors that significantly influence the institutional dynamics of farmers are farmer age, education, status in the organization, and access to credit. The joint learning framework from the technological aspect is aimed at discovering, sharing and using vegetable agribusiness development technology. Meanwhile, from the institutional aspect, it is aimed at strengthening organizations and networks.

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