ALTVATER E. (1998) Theoretical deliberations in time and space in post-socialist transformation, Reg. Studies 32, 591-605. This paper considers the spatio-temporal dimensions of post-socialist transformation. It discusses approaches based on modernization and dependency theory and shows that neither modernization (an 'OECD-profile') nor dependency on the global division of labour are likely outcomes of transformation. Instead hybrid forms of capitalism are evolving. They display different combinations of an extraction and production economy or of 'arbitrage capitalism' based on exploitation of differentials in time and space without taking care of material production processes. The trajectory of development depends highly on the management of competitiveness of the place, on regulation of competition in the global space and on the organization of the economy of time. ALTVATER E. (1998) Des reflexions theoriques sur le temps et l'espace de la transformation post-socialiste, Reg Studies 32, 591-605. Cet article cherche � a examiner la transformation post-socialiste dans un optique spatialo-temporel. On discute des facons fondees sur les theories de modernisation et de dependance et demontre que ni la modernisation (a savoir, un 'profil OCDE'), ni la dependance vis-a-vis de la division internationale du travail, sont des resultats eventuels de la transformation. Plutot des formes de capitalisme hybrides se developpent. Elles revelent des combinaisons differentes d'une economie de production et d'extraction, ou du 'capitalisme arbitragiste' base sur l'exploitation des ecarts dans le temps et l'espace, sans s'occuper des procede �s necessaires � a la production. Le sentier de croissance depend dans une large mesure de la gestion de la competitivite de l'espace, de la reglementation de la concurrence dans l'espace globale et de l'organisation de l'economie du temps. ALTVATER E. (1998) Theoretische Uberlegungen zu Raum und Zeit im Anschluss an die sozialistische Wende, Reg. Studies 32, 591-605. Der folgende Aufsatz beschaftigt sich mit raumlich-zeitlichen Dimensionen der Wandlungen, die im Anschluss an den Sozialismus stattfanden. Er bespricht die auf Modernisierungs- und Abhangigkeitstheorien gestutzten Ansatze und zeigt, dass wahrscheinlich weder Modernisierung (ein OECD Profil) noch Abhangigkeit von der globalen Arbeitsteilung Ergebnisse der Wende sind. Es entwickeln sich stattdessen Mischformen des Kapitalismus. Sie weisen verschiedenartige Kombinationen einer Rohstoffgewinnungs- und Produktionswirtschaft, bz.w. eines Arbitragekapitalismus auf, der auf der Ausbeutung der Differentialen von Raum und Zeit beruht, ohne sich um materielle Produktionsprozesse zu kummern. Der Weg, den die Entwicklung nimmt, hangt sehr von der Handhabung der Wettbewerbsfahigkeit des Ortes ab, sowie von der Konkurrenz im globalen Raum und der Organisation der Zeiteinteilung.European Transition, Eastern Europe, Time-SPACE, Regulation Theory, Arbitrage, Capitalism,

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Collective bargaining has in the past set a floor to competitive undercutting of wages and employment conditions, acting as a source of `industrial citizenship'. European economic integration threatens to initiate a neo-liberal regime and to undermine national structures of collective regulation. Trade unions seem compelled to acquiesce in the policies of individual companies striving to survive in the face of intensified market forces. The authors suggest that unions can escape their current dilemmas only through developing new forms of political intervention aiming at the creation of effective European procedures of employment regulation.

The world is a »global village«. Distances and time difference have nearly become meaningless due to modern transport and communication technologies. Therefore corporations from all regions of the world are competing on all markets. The freetrade »ideology« has become tough reality. In conseguence, towards the end of the 20thcentury, the nation state is left with only few possibilities of influencing the economic development; the world economy's »central processing unit« are the money and capitalmarkets. Nation state-orientated development projects have therefore failed in the East (collapse ofreal-existing socialism«) as weil as in the West (»beyond Keynesianism«) and in the South (»end of the development state«). Furthermore, even the modern welfare statedepends on the state's ability to intervene in the economic sphere. The welfare state's clientele is mainly defined by the (national) citizenship. Free trade is happily dismantelling the welfarestate arrangements, but at the same time, the social resources of economic development are being undermined. This is why competition theorists are rediscovering the »productiveresources« of social competences, of consensus and communication to increase the»competitiveness« on open world markets.