Oil palm frond (OPF) is one of potential sources of alternative feed, but has limited use due to high crude fiber and low crude protein contents. Fermentation is one of the methods widely applied to improve nutritive value of animal feed. The purpose of this research is to increase nutritive value of fermented oil palm fronds by adding different soluble carbohydrate source into fermentation media. The results of the experiments indicated that fermented oil palm fronds by Aspergillus niger had a significant effect (P<0,05) on the content of crude protein, crude fiber, and ash.Generally, fermented oil palm fronds with different soluble carbohydrate was able to increase the content of crude protein of oil palm fronds, but not optimal yet in reducing the crude fiber content of fermented substrate. However, the addition of rice bran on the fermentation medium showed the best results, characterized by increasing crude protein and decreasing crude fiber contents as well as improved dry matter and organic matter digestibility, reflected in high concentration of VFA.

ABSTRAK. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari respon fisiologi, produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah Frisian Holstein pada akhir musim kemarau panjang di Balai Pengembangan Ternak Sapi Perah dan Hijauan Makanan Ternak (BPT-SP HMT) Cikole, Lembang, Bandung.  Penentuan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Parameter mikroklimat yang diamati antara lain adalah temperatur lingkungan, kelembaban relatif, kecepatan angin, radiasi sinar matahari dalam kandang dan Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). Respon fisiologis yang diamati meliputi suhu rektal, suhu kulit, suhu tubuh, frekuensi respirasi dan denyut jantung. Nilai rerata THI (73.93±5.51) menunjukkan sapi perah berada dalam kondisi  stress ringan. Nilai rerata dari suhu rektal, suhu kulit, suhu tubuh, frekuensi respirasi dan denyut jantung secara berurutan 37.94±0.20°C; 32.15±1.25°C; 37.13±0.32°C; 39.13 ±3.00 dan 79.74±6.19. Nilai rerata persentase bahan kering, lemak dan protein susu secara berurutan 10,19 ± 0,72, 2,14 ± 0,38 dan 2,50 ± 0,32. Temperatur lingkungan yang tinggi  mempengaruhi respon fisiologis antara lain peningkatan denyut jantung yang lebih tinggi dari normal dan kualitas susu yang lebih rendah.   (Physiological responses and milk qualities of holstein friesian during long dry season at high altitude)ABSTRACT. The objectives of this study were to evaluate physiological responses and milk qualities of dairy cows in Balai Pengembangan Ternak Sapi Perah dan Hijauan Makanan Ternak (BPT-SP HMT) Cikole West Bandung at the end of long dry season. Samples were determined by using purposive sampling method. Microclimate parameters  were included  ambient temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, solar radiation and temperature-humidity index (THI). Physiological responses consisted of rectal temperature, skin temperature, body temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate. The mean value of THI (73.93±5.51) showed that dairy cows suffered by heat stress. The mean value of rectal temperature, skin temperature, body temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate were 37.94±0.20°C; 32.15±1.25°C; 37.13±0.32°C; 39.13±3.00 and 79.74±6.19 consecutively. The average percentage value of dry matter, fat and protein content in milk were 10.19±0.72, 2.14±0.38 and 2.50±0.32. High ambient temperature and low relative humidity affected physiological responses such as pulse rate that higher than normal,  and  lower milk yield.

ABSTRAK. Peningkatan produktivitas ternak dapat dicapai melalui perbaikan genetik, pakan, manajemen dan modifikasi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aspek teknis pemeliharaan sapi perah berdasarkan panduan Good Dairy Farming Practices (GDFP) pada manajemen pemeliharaan semi intensif di peternakan sapi perah rakyat Pondok Ranggon, Jakarta Timur. Aspek teknis pemeliharaan sapi perah yang dievaluasi meliputi aspek pemuliaan dan reproduksi, pakan, manajemen pemeliharaan, perkandangan, peralatan dan kesehatan ternak. Metode yang digunakan adalah survei, observasi dan pengukuran langsung. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam bentuk frekuensi tabulasi untuk menggambarkan setiap karakteristik aspek pemuliaan dan reproduksi, pakan, manajemen pemeliharaan, perkandangan, peralatan dan kesehatan ternak. Hasil evaluasi aspek teknis yang dibandingkan dengan nilai rata-rata pelaksanaan GDFP di stasiun percontohan pemeliharaan sapi perah Pondok Ranggon menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan aspek teknis pemeliharaan sapi perah pada peternakan rakyat Pondok Ranggon termasuk dalam kategori cukup baik. Nilai rata-rata tertinggi pelaksana GDFP adalah pada aspek manajemen pemeliharaan, sementara aspek terendah adalah untuk kesehatan ternak. Kesimpulannya adalah pelaksanaan aspek teknis pemeliharaan sapi perah berdasarkan standar GDFP pada peternakan rakyat Pondok Ranggon harus ditingkatkan. (Technical aspects evaluation of dairy cow maintenance towards good dairy farming practices on pondok ranggon small holder dairy farm) ABSTRACT. Increasing livestock productivity can be achieved through genetic improvement, feeding, management and environmental modification. This study was aimed to evaluate various technical aspects in raising dairy cattle under semi intensive management at small dairy farmers in Pondok Ranggon (PR), Jakarta. Some technical aspects evaluated provided breeding, reproduction, feeding, management and health services. The methods used were by survey, observation and direct measurement. Data were analyzed descriptively then completed by tabulation frequencies to describe any characteristics of breeding decision, technical skills, daily management and health services. Evaluation on the considered technical aspects, compared to average values of Good Dairy Farming Practices (GDFP) showed that PR small dairy farmers in this study were categorized quite well. The highest average value of GDFP was for breeding and reproduction aspects, while the lowest one was for health services. It was concluded that PR small dairy farmers should be brought up for better management improvement.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of heat stress on thermoregulation, haematology, and productivity of Holstein Friesian (HF) dairy cows raised in different elevations. A total of 63 HF in a normal lactation period were used in this study. The research was conducted for 3 months during dry season in three different areas, which were at Pondok Ranggon (97 m.a.s.l) which categorized as a lowland, Ciawi (576 m.a.s.l) which categorized as a lower-upland, and Lembang (1241 m.a.s.l) which categorized as an upland. Observation on microclimate aspects which includes environmental temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH) and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) was done by recording each variable for every 2 hours starting from 08.00 to 16.00 WIB. The thermoregulation analysis was done based on the given physiological responses which consisted of the skin temperature (Ts), rectal temperature (Tr), body temperature (Tb), heart rate (Hr), respiratory rate (Rr), Heat Tolerance Coefficient (HTC), plasma cortisol level and haematological profile observation. The Ta, Rr, and THI measurements showed that in the lowland and lower-upland, the HF experienced moderate heat stress, while the HF raised in the upland area experienced less heat stress. The results showed that the dairy cows which raised in lowland had the highest HTC, Tr, Ts and Tb (P<0.05) and lowest Hr (P<0.05). All of the physiological and haematological parameters in the three study area showed a normal value.Furthermore, the erythrocyte, Hb and PVC concentration in a lowland raised HF were higher (P<0.05), while the plasma cortisol levels were not significantly different. The milk production of the observed dairy cows in different elevations was significantly different (P<0.05), with the highest milk yields, were found in the upland raised HF (13.1±3.52 kg), followed by the lower-upland (11.3±4.73 kg) and lowland (7.0±3.36 kg). In general, all of the HF raised in different land elevations was exposed to heat stress during dry seasons, even though the cows showed the ability to physiologically adapt and cope with the conditions.

The aim of this study was to identify the polymorphism of the ScrFI locus of HSP70 and the association of genetic variant of HSP70 with milk yield and milk quality of Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows in Indonesia. A total of 115 heads of HF lactating cows which come from different locations of lowland, medium, and highland. Genotyping of HSP70 genes was performed by nested PCR-RFLP method. The variant of HSP70 was polymorphism: 47 and 49 bp for homozygous wild type (CC) genotype and 47, 49 and 96 for heterozygous cytosine deletion mutant (C-) genotype. Dairy cows with CC genotypes were higher 4%FCM, protein, fat, milk total solid and lactose (P <0.05) compare to C-genotype. It could be concluded that dairy cows with CC genotypes produce higher 4% FCM and better milk quality than dairy cows with C-.