There are methods of supplying the required energy to the load while reducing the cost relatively, but do not take into account the amount of reserved energy; this is not preferred if batteries are not used to store the excess energy produced. The proposed method is a mathematical model to calculate the system size for supplying a load in an area far from the electrical grid where there are huge sources of biomass energy and high rates of solar radiation. The system includes three energy sources to generate electrical energy from solar energy, biogas in addition to a diesel generator supplying a specific load without batteries. The proposed model provides a solution that achieves an optimized system design while minimizing reserved energy taking into account minimizing the cost. The method assumes that the load is supplied first from the solar generator, when the load gets higher, the biogas generator is introduced, and the diesel generator works only if the load exceeds the capacity of the renewable sources. This scenario depends on increasing the contribution of renewable resources compared to fossil fuel.

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A modified nanogrid (MnG) is a very small scalable grid with a low power single-input multi-output (SIMO) inverter. This inverter simultaneously produces both AC and DC currents, such as the switched boost inverter (SBI) and the z-source inverter. These inverters are suitable for low-power loads such as home appliances that use fractional horse-power motors as single-phase asynchronous drives. Thus, this article proposes a single-phase induction motor powered from a modified nanogrid that involves multiple types of inverters such as a SBI and a ZS inverter. The modified nanogrid is mainly dependent on photovoltaic (PV) as a renewable resource. Thus, this manuscript involves a full design for this proposed grid with its maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and the mathematical models for motor drive with both a SBI and a ZSI. Time-varying speed trajectories are proposed to test the robustness of the proposed drives relative to the fluctuation of PV-parameters like its irradiance. Test results are obtained using the Matlab/ Simulink software package and a comparison with the traditional sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) inverter as a single-input single-output inverter (SISOI). The results indicate that the proposed single-input multi-output inverters are suitable for driving these motors through start-up and operation, although the DC-link voltage is minimized. Furthermore, the proposed system is experimentally implemented with OPAL RT-4510v real-time hardware in the loop (HIL), rapid control prototyping, and OP-8660 HIL controller and data acquisition platform.

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Agricultural Photovoltaic Systems are a key technology to achieve sustainable development goals by reducing competition between land for food and electricity. In addition, Agricultural Photovoltaic Systems are at the heart of the link between power generation, crop production and irrigation water conservation. The main ecophysiological constraint on crop production under photovoltaics is the reduction of light. It is difficult to recommend shade tolerance for some plant varieties due to insufficient information on shading conditions for most plants. The use of shading panels (photovoltaic panels) requires more crop-specific research to determine the optimal percentage of panels and their placement that will not reduce agricultural yields. Crop yield variation versus field shading and availability to maximize the system require extensive research. This study aims to develop a standard procedure for designing an agricultural grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system for solar power generation in an agricultural area in Bahteem, Egypt. The technical and annual performance of the grid-connected PV system was simulated using PV Syst software. The paper started with a pre-feasibility study of a grid-connected photovoltaic system using PV Syst. Software with an extensive database of meteorological data, including global daily horizontal solar irradiance, and a database of various renewable energy system components from different manufacturers. In this work, a comprehensive literature review of agricultural solar photovoltaic systems is conducted, with a particular focus on grid-connected systems, followed by a design procedure for grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems. The planned photovoltaic system will generate a total of 400 KWp of electricity. This generated electricity can drive down electricity prices by exporting excess electricity to the national grid. In addition, solar power systems are fuel-efficient and have a low environmental impact.