Three digestibility trials were conducted using three steers for each; which were with average body weight 392 ± 3.3 kg and 18 month of age. The experimental rations were formulated as follows: ration 1 (R1) 81.8% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + 18.2% clover hay (CH) (control), ration 2 (R2): 81.55% CFM + 18.05% CH + 0.40% seaweed (S) and ration 3 (R3): 81.23% CFM + 17.87% CH + 0.90% S. The results showed that there were no significant effect of feeding the experimental rations on the digestion coefficients for all nutrients and feeding values, but the digestion coefficients of OM, NFE, ADF, cellulose, ADL, NFC, TDN%, ME (Mcal/kg DM) and NE (Mcal/kg DM) were higher when feeding on R2 or R3 than R1. The predicted values using net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS) showed that the sugar and starch fermentation were 276.6 and 729.4 g / d, respectively with feeding R1, 277 and 731.4 g / d, respectively for R2 and 277.6 and 737.2 g/d, respectively for R3. The total microbial protein was 1006, 1008.4 and 1014.8 g/d when feeding on R1, R2 and R3, respectively. The mean values of ruminal pH, buffering capacity (BC), VFA's were not significant affected by the different dietary treatments, while the concentration of NH3-N (mg/100 ml RL) tended to increase (p<0.05) when animals were fed on R2 or R3 (13.74 and 14.20 mg/100 ml RL, respectively) than R1 (11.82 mg/100 ml RL). The present study showed that, the dry matter intake and nutrients digestibility were improved by supplemented seaweed but the total VFA's was higher with feeding on 81.55% CFM + 18.05% CH + 0.40 % seaweed (S) than the other rations.

A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding fish [in a polyculture system consists of four freshwater species, namely Nile tilapia (T), silver carp (Sc), common carp (Cc), and African catfish (Cf)] the sewage (S) sludge comparing with a commercial diet for fish as a control (C) for 102days. From the obtained results, the use of sewage sludge in fish feeding led to lower growth performance. Silver carp reflected better growth performance than Nile tilapia, common carp and catfish, respectively, particularly with feeding the sewage sludge. The best feed utilization was showed by silver carp and Nile tilapia, the worst values with catfish. Nile tilapia fed the sewage sludge showed the best FCR and PER. The best chemical composition of the whole fish body was found with feeding the commercial diet (control). Catfish body contained the highest ash, CP and EC and the lowest EE among all tested fish species. Control tilapia had the lowest ash and EE contents, while highest CP and EC content was found with catfish fed the sewage sludge. Silver carp muscles contained higher DM and CP and lower ash, EE and EC contents among all fish species. The best ash, EE, and CP was determined in silver carp fed the control diet. Nile tilapia showed the highest values for condition factor, dressing and fillet percentages among the tested fish species, the lowest condition factor and dressing with catfish, and the lowest fillet with common carp. Therefore, it is not recommended to use sewage sludge in fish feeding, although its use in cultured fish feeding is wide spreading in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate.

Thirty, 14 weeks of age New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits with an average live body weight (LBW) of 2.0 Kg were divided into 10 similar groups (3 in each). The rabbits were housed in a separate cage (3 rabbits in each). Ten pelleted experimental diets were contained two levels of sodium nitrate (0 and 2%). The other four tested feed additives were sodium sulfate, clay, yeast and prebiotic. Diets refers to as R2, R3, R4 and R5 were without sodium nitrate, but with feed additives, sodium sulphate, clay, yeast and prebiotic, respectively. While, diets R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 were with sodium nitrate and R6 without feed additives but R7, R8, R9 and R10 were with the same feed additives, sodium sulphate, clay, yeast and prebiotic, respectively. The DCP % was higher with feeding on R1, R2 and R7, TDN % was higher with feeding with R1, DCP intake g/d with R1, R5 and R7, TDN intake g/d with R1, DE Kcal/Kg was higher with feeding on R4 and R9, DE intake Kcal/d with R1 and R4 while DEI/DCPI was increased with feeding on R4, R6 and R9. The effect of the feed additives, also showed that the total VFA increased (p < 0.05) without feed additives or with added Na2SO4 or clay than added prebiotic. The highest values were observed with feeding on R1, R2 and R7. The highest values of NH3 concentrations were observed with feeding on R3 and R8 diets.Protein concentration was higher with feeding on R4 or R10 than the others. Urea-N concentration was the highest with feeding on R7, while the creatinine concentration was increased with feeding on R9 compared with the other diets. When using the feed additives e.g. probiotic without sodium nitrate (R4) or with sodium nitrate (R9) caused improving effect on the feeding values of tested diets. However, diets R1 and R6 without or with sodium nitrate respectively showed the best results in case of nutrient digestibility and feed values as well as caecum fermentation and some blood parameters.

Twenty seven weaning New Zealand White (NZW)rabbits of seven weeks old of about 813 g live body weight was randomly distributed into nine groups (three rabbits in each). The experimental groups were fed randomly on one of the nine formulated experimental rations used. The 1 st ration (R1) was used as a control, which contained: 10 % yellow corn+10 % barley+ 13.7 % soybean meal (SBM) + 20 % wheat bran + 40 % clover hay + 3 % molasses+1.0 % calcium diphosphate +1.2 % limestone + 0.5 % sodium chloride+0.4% minerals-vitamins mixture+0.2 % methionine. The substituting (equal parts) from barley and SBM by 10 % and 20 % distiller's dried grains with soluble (DDGS) for ration 2 (R2) and ration 3 (R3), respectively. The supplemented seaweed (SW) for these rations was at tow levels subtracted from the wheat bran. The first level was 0.5 % seaweed for rations R4, R5 and R6. The second level was 1.0 % seaweed for rations R7, R8 and R9. All rations were nearly isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Blood plasma samples were collected from all rabbits after overnight fasting at 7, 9, 11 and 13 weeks to determine glucose, thyroxin (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3). A representative part (5 cm) from the small intestine was dissected immediately after slaughtering the three rabbits in each group to determine glucose absorption rates. The results of the present study revealed that there was no significant effect with feeding on DDGS with or without SW on glucose absorption. The 42 EMAN MAKLAD et al. mean values for glucose absorption were ranged from 0.39 to 0.44 (mg/hr), with feeding on the experimental rations. Rabbit's group fed on 10 % DDGS with 1.0 % SW recorded the highest significant value of blood glucose (132 mg / 100 ml) followed by R4 (fed on 0.0 % DDGS with 0.5 % SW, where the lowest value (109.42 mg / 100 ml) was detected for R2 (fed on 10 % DDGS without SW). There was no significant effect on T4 concentrations with feeding on the experimental rations. The mean values were ranged from 13.70 to 17.92 ng/ml. The highest values were observed with feeding on R8 followed by R9, while the lowest value was observed with feeding on R1. The same trend was observed in T3 concentrations. The mean values were ranged from 3.5 to 4.46 ng/ml. In generally, the T4: T3 ratio was about 4: 1 with feeding the experimental rations.

Twelve male Friesian steers with average body weight 269+ 9 kg and 15 month of age were used in this study. Steers were distributed into three groups similar in number. The experimental rations were formulated as follows: ration 1 (R1) 81.8% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + 18.2% clover hay (CH) (control), ration 2 (R2): 81.55% CFM + 18.05% CH + 0.40% seaweed (S) and ration 3 (R3): 81.23% CFM + 17.87% CH + 0.90% S. The results obtained showed that the mean values of blood parameters were not significantly affected by the feeding on R1 or R2 or R3. The concentration of urea-N in blood was decreased with feeding on R2 and R3 than feeding on R1. The average daily gains were 0.81, 1.00 and 0.83 kg/d for steers fed on R1, R2 and R3, respectively. The production efficiency was higher when feeding on R2 (24.04 %) than feeding on R1 or R3 (20.97 and 19.17%, respectively), and the economic efficiency, was higher when feeding on R2 (25.39 %) than feeding on R1 or R3 (13.3 and 3.94 %, respectively). In general, the results indicated that feeding ration at a level 81.55% CFM + 18.05% CH + 0.4% S for fattening Friesian steers was economically improved animal performance compared with the other two rations.