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The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the interaction between monetary and fiscal policies and their macroeconomic relative effects on real GDP growth and prices in Egypt. The paper focuses on how fiscal and monetary variables respond to external shocks. We employ Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag Bounds Model (ARDL Bounds test) for cointegration, the Error Correction Model (ECM) in the ARDL Framework and the Set Theory for the time from 1975 to 2022 to study the interaction and the extent of coordination among fiscal policy, monetary policy and economic activity based on annual data. The paper uses the conventional transmission channels of both the fiscal policy and the monetary policy (money supply, government revenue and expenditure, interest rate and exchange rate) that are assumed to function for Egypt.

For decades, the entrepreneur was considered the" invisible man". The role of entrepreneurship was ignored in economic literature until the 20th century and in economic growth and development models until the early the 1990s. Since then, the role of entrepreneur is included in different branches of economics.The purpose of this paper is to review the role of the entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in economic growth and development models. After being considered an invisible man in the economics literature, Schumpeter 1911, 1934 considered economic development as a dynamic process that disturbs the closed circular flow of the economic system. Schumpeter considered the entrepreneur as an innovator who plays a fundamental role in the process of economic development. However, few attempts have been made to include entrepreneurship in neoclassical and general equilibrium growth and development models due to the assumptions of perfect competition, static market equilibrium and perfect information about markets and production processes.

The purpose of the paper is to examine the monetary approach to the balance of payments adjustment in Egypt. Specifically, the paper first investigates the impact of monetary policy variables; money supply, discount rate and two other variables exchange rate and income on the balance of payments adjustment during the period 1980-2021. During that period Egypt launched several economic reform programs and was hit by three shocks: the Global Financial Crisis 2007-2008, the Egyp an Uprising 2011, and the Covid-19 pandemic 2020-to the present. The second purpose of the paper is to investigate the impact of Covid-19 outbreak on the Egyptian balance of payments using a dummy variable. The study uses the Autoregression Distributed Lag ARDL Bound test for cointegration introduced by Pesaran, Shin and Smith (2001). The balance of payments is expressed as a function of its lagged values and in the current and lagged values of the explanatory variables. The paper uses the Error Correction model ECM to examine the impact of the monetary policy transmissions on the balance of payments in the long run and in the short run. The Augmented Dickey Fuller test is used to determine the degree of integration.

Currently, relational database management systems (RDBMSs) face different challenges in application development due to the massive growth of unstructured and semi-structured data. This introduced new DBMS categories, known as not only structured query language (NoSQL) DBMSs, which do not adhere to the relational model. The migration from relational databases to NoSQL databases is challenging due to the data complexity. This study aims to enhance the storage performance of RDBMSs in handling a variety of data. The paper presents two approaches. The first approach proposes a convenient representation of unstructured data storage. Several extensive experiments were implemented to assess the efficiency of this approach that could result in substantial improvements in the RDBMSs storage. The second approach proposes using the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format to represent multivalued attributes and many to many (M:N) relationships in relational databases to create a flexible schema and store semi-structured data. The results indicate that the proposed approaches outperform similar approaches and improve data storage performance, which helps preserve software stability in huge organizations by improving existing software packages whose replacement may be highly costly.