The spatial patterns of salt-marsh vegetation in the central Mediterranean district (Tyrrhenian central Italy) were analysed by establishing the plant-community distribution in the Orbetello Lagoon and then carrying out a comparative analysis with other halophytic wetlands belonging to the western Mediterranean district. Floristic sampling was performed in the Orbetello Lagoon through belt transects. Cluster analyses revealed two main vegetation groups centred around Sarcocornia fruticosa and Atriplex portulacoides , and seven plant communities belonging to Sarcocornietea fruticosae and Juncetea maritimi phytosociological classes. The analysis of spatial pattern confirmed the classification results showing a typical plant zonation ranging from Sarcocornia communities in the lower areas of the lagoon to rushes dominated by Juncus acutus in more elevated areas. Alterations to this pattern may indicate the presence of disturbance ( Aetheorhiza bulbosa community) or a geomorphological discontinuity ( Limonium narbonense and Carex extensa communities). A comparative approach with other plant zonations located in the Iberian Peninsula showed a strong correspondence between the Italian Tyrrhenian district and the south-eastern Spanish coast, explained not only by floristic but also by ecological affinities.
Abstract.-Two main types of flooded savannas are identified in Beni, one of the most extensive areas of flooded savannas in the Neotropics: the floodable savannas of the bajíos and the floodable savannas of the semi-uplands. Independent classification methods done for both floristic inventories and soil sampling show a strong relationship between the content and availability of exchangeable bases in the soils and floristic composition of the plant communities. The grassy savannas on mesotrophic substrates which are rich particularly in Mg and Ca are characterized floristically by Thevetia amazonica and Acroceras zizanioides. On base-poor substrates, the floodable grassy savannas, as well as the tajibo savanna, are best represented floristically by Andropogon bicornis and Coelorachis aurita. A CCA carried out on this type of savannas revealed a primary distribution pattern of the plant communities along an Fe gradient, which can also be explained as a gradient of the duration of the flooding period.Key words : wetlands -grassy savanna -mineral nutrients -ecology -South America.Résumé.-Deux types principaux de savanes inondées ont été identifiés dans le Beni, une des plus grandes surfaces de savanes inondées des Néotropiques : les savanes inondables des basses terres et les savanes inondables des semihautes terres. Diverses méthodes de classification appliquées aux inventaires floristiques et aux échantillons de sols montrent une forte relation entre le contenu et la disponibilité des bases échangeables dans les sols et la composition floristique des communautés végétales. Les savanes herbeuses sur substrat mésotrophe qui sont particulièrement riches en Mg et Ca sont caractérisées par Thevetia amazonica et Acroceras zizanioides. Sur les substrats oligotrophes, les savanes herbeuses inondables, ainsi que la savane tajibo, sont dominées par Andropogon bicornis et Coelorachis aurita. L'analyse canonique des correspondances réalisée exclusivement sur savanes à sols oligotrophes montre un modèle de distribution des communautés le long d'un gradient de fer, qui peut aussi être expliqué comme un gradient de durée de la période d'inondation.Mots clés : zones humides -savanes herbacées -nutriments minéraux -éco-logie -Amérique du Sud.
This work identifies plant-communities, specifically their Isoetes species composition, and analyses their spatial patterns in a Mediterranean vernal pool system located in central Spain. The vegetation zonation includes three bands of plant-community types and three ecotones from these, in a gradient leading from edge to bottom, with increasing length of flooding period. The intermediate plant-community type included the most interesting phytogeographical element in Ranunculus longipes and Isoetes setacea. This work highlights the important role that ephemeral Isoetes species can play in Mediterranean VP systems in characterising plant-community types. The three studied Isoetes species (I. velata, I. setacea and I. histrix) show a distribution in overlapped bands related with the period of flooding.Résumé.-Ce travail identifie les communautés végétales, en particulier leur contenu en Isoetes, et analyse leurs caractéristiques spatiales dans un système de mares temporaires méditerranéennes situé au centre de l'Espagne. La zonation de la végétation comprend trois bandes de communautés végétales et trois écotones, dans un gradient allant de la marge vers l'intérieur, avec l'augmentation de la durée de la période d'inondation. Les communautés végétales disposées dans la zone intermédiaire incluent les éléments phytogéographiques les plus intéressants, Ranunculus longipes et Isoetes setacea. Ce travail met en évidence le rôle important que les Isoetes éphémères des mares temporaires de la Méditerranée peuvent jouer dans la caractérisation des types de communautés végétales. Les trois espèces étudiées (I. velata, I. setacea et I. histrix) montrent une distribution en bandes superposées liées à la période d'inondation.
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