The transcriptome of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) after primary latent infection of human blood (BEC), lymphatic (LEC) and immortalized (TIME) endothelial cells was analyzed using RNAseq, and compared to long-term latency in BCBL-1 lymphoma cells. Naturally expressed transcripts were obtained without artificial induction, and a comprehensive annotation of the KSHV genome was determined. A set of unique coding sequence (UCDS) features and a process to resolve overlapping transcripts were developed to accurately quantitate transcript levels from specific promoters. Similar patterns of KSHV expression were detected in BCBL-1 cells undergoing long-term latent infections and in primary latent infections of both BEC and LEC cultures. High expression levels of poly-adenylated nuclear (PAN) RNA and spliced and unspliced transcripts encoding the K12 Kaposin B/C complex and associated microRNA region were detected, with an elevated expression of a large set of lytic genes in all latently infected cultures. Quantitation of non-overlapping regions of transcripts across the complete KSHV genome enabled for the first time accurate evaluation of the KSHV transcriptome associated with viral latency in different cell types. Hierarchical clustering applied to a gene correlation matrix identified modules of co-regulated genes with similar correlation profiles, which corresponded with biological and functional similarities of the encoded gene products. Gene modules were differentially upregulated during latency in specific cell types indicating a role for cellular factors associated with differentiated and/or proliferative states of the host cell to influence viral gene expression.

Although informal online learning communities are made possible by users' decisions to share their creations, participation by females and other marginalized groups remains stubbornly low in technical communities. Using descriptive statistics and a unique dataset of shared and unshared projects from over 1.1 million users of Scratch-a collaborative programming community for young people-we show that while girls share less initially, this trend flips among experienced users. Using Bayesian regression analyses, we show that this relationship can largely be attributed to differences in the way boys and girls participate. We also find that while prior positive feedback is correlated with increased sharing among inexperienced users, this effect also reverses with experience or with the addition of controls. Our findings provide a description of the dynamics behind online learners' decisions to share, open new research questions, and point to several lessons for system designers. CCS Concepts: • Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in collaborative and social computing; Collaborative and social computing design and evaluation methods; • Social and professional topics → Informal education; Gender; Computer science education;

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Coronary heart disease is one of the deadliest cardiovascular disease in the world. Recent studies have shown an increase in aspirin resistance as a gold standard therapy causing recurrent heart attacks. Antiplatelet of natural resources thus need to be explored. Garlic (Allium sativum) is known to be effective as an antiplatelet, but the problem arose after consuming garlic prolonged is the presence of unpleasant breath and body odor which reduces patient compliance in therapy. Black Garlic is a product made of garlic which tastes delicious and does not smell pungent like raw garlic. There has been no study of Black Garlic as an antiplatelet before. The aim of this research was to determine the antiplatelet activities of aqueous extract of garlic (AEG) and Black Garlic (AEBG) and to evaluate their differences in human blood in vitro. This research was designed to be experimental posttest only, which was performed in 10 groups, namely the vehicle controls, positive controls, as well as the concentration groups of AEG and AEBG (each 1-4μg/μL). The antiplatelet activity was tested using the Born method, which measured the plasma uptake before and after induced with Papain. Evaluation was done by calculating the percent inhibition of platelet aggregation of the concentration groups relative to vehicle controls. The results showed that both AEG and AEBG have antiplatelet activities ([H=16.664; 5 df; p=0.005] and [H=16.225; 5 df; p=0.006] respectively). The inhibition of platelet aggregation is also shown to be significantly different in both samples [H=21.693; 7 d.f; p=0.003].

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