pregnancy.longitudinal prospective human studies will be needed to evaluate the consequences of caffeine consumption during effects of adenosine receptor antagonists including caffeine on brain development in humans. Retrospective and neuronal types as well as impaired memory on certain types of memory tests. This study raises questions about the that adult offspring of pregnant mice treated with adenosine receptor antagonists had reduced numbers of certain antagonists were more susceptible to seizures when exposed to a seizure-inducing agent. They further demonstrated into target regions. They then showed that 1-week-old offspring of pregnant mice treated with adenosine receptor delayed the migration of specific populations of neurons during brain maturation, resulting in their delayed insertion They found that caffeine or an adenosine receptor antagonist that specifically blocks type 2A adenosine receptors added caffeine to the drinking water of female mice throughout pregnancy and lactation. Monique Esclapez, 1,2 † Christophe Bernard 1,2 * † Consumption of certain substances during pregnancy can interfere with brain development, leading to deleterious long-term neurological and cognitive impairments in offspring. To test whether modulators of adenosine receptors affect neural development, we exposed mouse dams to a subtype-selective adenosine type 2A receptor (A 2A R) antagonist or to caffeine, a naturally occurring adenosine receptor antagonist, during pregnancy and lactation. We observed delayed migration and insertion of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons into the hippocampal circuitry during the first postnatal week in offspring of dams treated with the A 2A R antagonist or caffeine. This was associated with increased neuronal network excitability and increased susceptibility to seizures in response to a seizure-inducing agent. Adult offspring of mouse dams exposed to A 2A R antagonists during pregnancy and lactation displayed loss of hippocampal GABA neurons and some cognitive deficits. These results demonstrate that exposure to A 2A R antagonists including caffeine during pregnancy and lactation in rodents may have adverse effects on the neural development of their offspring.

Highlights d A model of resistance to T. gondii encephalitis in C57BL/6 mice d Efficient MHC I presentation of tachyzoite antigens controls CNS parasites d Efficient MHC I presentation of tachyzoite antigens limits CNS inflammation d Neuronal MHC I presentation is required for chronic control of brain parasite