2. A full review of the impact of place-based policies is beyond the scope of this article (see Glaeser and Gottlieb 2008;Kline and Moretti 2014;Neumark and Simpson 2015). Most research, however, finds modest short-run effects on a limited set of outcomes that are closely related to the domain of the intervention, such as housing, economic development, or crime (Braga et al. 2001;Busso, Gregory, and Kline 2013;Tach and Emory 2017). 3. States and local jurisdictions have also used place-based targeting initiatives. Future research should consider whether state and local initiatives complement or supplement federal funding.