It is highly popular among children and young adults to have temporary henna tattoos on their bodies in different colors and figures. Henna is a greenish natural powder obtained from the flowers and dry leaves of Lawsonia alba plant and its allergenicity is very low. Henna is also used in combination with other coloring substances such as para-phenylenediamine in order to darken the color and create a permanent tattoo effect. Para-phenylenediamine is a substance with high allergenicity potential and may cause serious allergic reactions. Here, we aimed to draw attention to the potential harms of para-phenylenediamine containing temporary tattoos by presenting a child patient who developed allergic contact dermatitis after having a scorpion-shaped temporary tattoo on his forearm.
ÖZİnsandan insana direkt olarak bulaşan Hymenolepis nana'nın aksine, Hymenolepis diminuta'nın insanlara bulaşı, ara konak olan ve sistiserkoid larvaları taşıyan artropodların yanlışlıkla ağız yoluyla alınması ile olur. Bu sestod, hijyenik koşulların kötü olduğu bölgelerde, özellikle çocukluk döneminde nadir görülen enfeksiyonlara neden olmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalarda, farklı popülasyonlardaki H.diminuta prevalans oranlarının %0.001 ile %5.5 arasında değiştiği; olguların çoğunun çocuk olmasına rağmen, hastalığın tüm yaş gruplarında görülebildiği bildirilmektedir. Bu raporda H.diminuta enfeksiyonu saptanan bir çocuk olgu sunulmaktadır. Yirmi bir aylık erkek hasta, bir haftadır süren, günde 3-4 defa kusma ve çamur şeklinde ishal şikayetleriyle pediatri polikliniğine başvurmuştur. Alınan anamneze göre, hastanın ahırın üstünde bulunan bir evde yaşadığı ve böcek yeme öyküsü olduğu öğrenilmiş, laboratuvar incelemesinde demir eksikliği anemisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Dışkı örneğinin makroskobik görünümü camcı macunu kıvamında açık renkli olup, lugol eriyiği ile yapılan direkt mikroskobik incelemede 70-75 μm çapında, kalın kabuklu, altı adet polar çıkıntısı olan H.diminuta yumurtaları tanımlanmıştır. Hastaya ilk gün 500 mg ve takip eden beş gün 250 mg olmak üzere toplam altı gün oral niklozamid tedavisi ve ayrıca demir eksikliği anemisi tedavisi başlanmıştır. On beş gün sonra oral niklozamid tedavisinin tekrarı önerilmiştir. İkinci tedavinin tamamlanmasından bir ay sonra yapılan parazitolojik incelemede H.diminuta yumurtasına rastlanmamıştır. Sunulan bu olgu ile, nadir bir parazitoz olan H.diminuta enfeksiyonunun tanısında, hastanın öyküsü ve mikroskobik değerlendirmenin önemine dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Background:
The aim of this study is to determine the indication, timing, and administration of extracorporeal therapies such as total plasma exchange and continuous renal replacement therapy in children with acute liver failure or acute-on-chronic liver failure.
Methods:
This study is conducted as a retrospective, single-center study. Between January 2016 and December 2021, pediatric acute liver failure or acute-on-chronic liver failure patients for whom total plasma exchange and/or continuous renal replacement therapy was performed were included in this study.
Results:
Thirty-four children with acute liver failure or acute-on-chronic liver failure were included during the study period. The children comprised 14 (41.1%) males, and the median age of the patients was 54 months (5-21). Twenty-four patients (70.6%) had pediatric acute liver failure, and 10 patients (29.4%) had acute-on-chronic liver failure. Patients’ median model for end-stage liver disease and pediatric end-stage liver disease scores were 24.7/23.5, respectively. Total plasma exchange therapy was performed on all patients whereas continuous renal replacement therapy was performed on 13 patients (38.2%). The median duration of continuous renal replacement therapy was 2.5 days (2-24). The median number of the total plasma exchange sessions was 3 (1-20). The median length of stay in pediatric intensive care unit was 4.5 (2-74) days. Eleven (32.5%) patients had 1 or more improvements in hepatic encephalopathy scores after extracorporeal therapy. Eleven (32.5%) patients died. There was a significant difference between the survivors and non-survivors with respect to levels of albumin, ammonia, pediatric risk of mortality scores, and pre-hepatic encephalopathy scores. Liver transplantation was performed in 4 of 24 pediatric acute liver failure patients, and all of them survived.
Conclusion:
Total plasma exchange and continuous renal replacement therapy are life-saving, and both methods may reduce morbidity and mortality, also bridging to liver transplantation.
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