SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Angiomyolipoma is one of the most common benign solid renal tumors. We investigated the characteristics of renal angiomyolipomas and the clinical outcomes of patients in the last thirteen years. METHODS The medical records of the patients who underwent nephrectomy were reviewed retrospectively from July 2005 to May 2018. The laboratory data, radiology, and pathology reports were recorded. Patients diagnosed with angiomyolipoma were included in the study. RESULTS A total of 28 patients were included in the study, eight of them male. The mean age of the patients was 55.89+14.49 years. The patients were treated with open and laparoscopic techniques. Partial nephrectomy was performed in 12 patients(42.85%). After pathological examination, 23 patients were diagnosed as fat rich, four patients as fat poor, and one as epithelioid angiomyolipoma. There were no recurrences in the follow-up 91.21+48.31 months. CONCLUSION Angiomyolipoma is a rare renal tumor in daily urology practice. Clinicians must be aware of its complications and manage patients well.

Employee motivation is one of the most popular topics in management and organizational psychology studies. In this direction, several motivational theories have been developed over the past 70 years. However, the universal validity of these motivational theories is controversial. One of these motivational theories is Herzberg's Two Factor motivation theory. The theory suggests two mains distinctions in employee motivation (i.e., motivation factors and hygiene factors). Motivation factors are achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth. Hygiene factors are company policy and administration, supervision, relationship with supervisor, working conditions, salary, and relationship with peers, personal relationship, relationship with subordinates, status, and security. According to Herzberg's Two Factor motivation theory, the presence of hygiene factors does not increase motivation, but a lack of hygiene factors leads to dissatisfaction. The absence of motivation factors leads to a decrease in motivation, and the presence of motivation factors increase motivation. In this study, it is aimed to test Herzberg's Two Factor motivation theory empirically. In this context, quantitative research has been designed to test the theory and a total of 162 white-collar municipal employees participated in the study from Turkey. The theory was tested by two separate approaches. The first was the use of a Likert scale in parallel with the studies conducted to test the twofactor motivation theory of Herzberg. The other was the percentage distribution approach, in which the role of each factor in the theory is determined as a percentage to test how important they are in employee motivation. According to the results, Herzberg's two-factor theory was supported to some extent, and factors such as salary, company policy and administration, and work conditions, which are considered as hygiene factors according to Herzberg's two-factor theory, were found to be important motivating factors. Whereas factors such as responsibility, recognition, and growth were found to have less motivator role than as they are supposed in Herzberg's two-factor motivation theory. In addition, it was found that as the average monthly income of employees increased, the motivator role of "salary" factor decreased. The findings of the study were discussed, and some future research directions were suggested.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Due to spongiofibrosis and inflammatory processes underlying the pathogenesis of urethral stricture, it is possible that the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may give essential information about the course of the disease and recurrence possibilities. Our study aims to evaluate the correlation between NLR and recurrence rates. METHODS A total of 512 patients who underwent direct visual internal urethrotomy (DVIU) due to urethral stricture in our clinic between February 2010 and January 2018 were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS The median follow up for non-recurrent and recurrent groups after DVIU was 30 and 36 months, respectively. During the follow-up, 280 (54.7%) of the patients had recurrences, and 232 (45,3%) had no recurrences. The mean time for recurrence after DVIU was 6,5±1,4 months, with a range of 1-36 months. The mean NLR in the non-recurrence group was 2,02±0,87, with a median of 1.9, and 3,66±2,30, with a median of 3 in the recurrence group. A highly significant statistical difference was observed between two groups in terms of neutrophil count and NLR (p: 0.000 – both). The area under curve value for NLR was 0.767, with a standard error of 0.021 (95% CI 0.727-0.808). The cut-off value of NLR was determined as 2.25, with a 70% sensitivity and 67,7% specificity. CONCLUSION By using NLR, the inflammatory features of the urethral tissue can be predicted, and possible recurrences after surgery can be estimated. Consequently, open urethroplasty techniques can be used in cases with a significant NLR value instead of the recurrent endoscopic procedure.

Background Platelet‐rich plasma is a biological instrument rich in growth factors and cytokines. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of platelet‐rich plasma on spermatogenesis and hormone production in an experimental testicular torsion model. Materials and methods The rats were randomly divided into three groups, including six rats in each group as follows: the first group as the sham group; the second group as the ischemia/reperfusion + Saline group and the third group as the ischemia/reperfusion + platelet‐rich plasma group. The left testicles of the ischemia/reperfusion + Saline and ischemia/reperfusion + platelet‐rich plasma group were kept in four‐hour torsion. Then, the left testicles of ischemia/reperfusion + Saline and ischemia/reperfusion + platelet‐rich plasma groups were detorsioned, and intra‐testicular 1 cc saline (ischemia/reperfusion + Saline) and 1 cc platelet‐rich plasma (ischemia/reperfusion + platelet‐rich plasma) were injected. At one month, blood samples were taken from all groups for hormonal evaluation and left orchiectomy was performed. Results The mean follicle‐stimulating hormone level of ischemia/reperfusion + Saline group was significantly higher than ischemia/reperfusion + platelet‐rich plasma group (7.78 ± 0.23 vs 6.18 ± 0.28 nmol/l, respectively, P = .004). The mean LH level of ischemia/reperfusion + platelet‐rich plasma group was significantly lower than ischemia/reperfusion + Saline group (3.63 ± 0.28 vs 5.68 ± 0.21 nmol/l, respectively, P = .004). The mean total testosterone level of ischemia/reperfusion + platelet‐rich plasma group was significantly higher than ischemia/reperfusion + Saline group (8.05 ± 0.24 vs 5.78 ± 0.23 nmol/l, respectively, P = .004). The mean Johnsen scores of ischemia/reperfusion + platelet‐rich plasma group were significantly higher than ischemia/reperfusion + Saline group (5.85 ± 0.58 vs 3.93 ± 0.65, respectively, P = .004). The mean Johnsen score of the sham group was significantly higher than ischemia/reperfusion + platelet‐rich plasma and ischemia/reperfusion + Saline groups (P = .003 and P = .003, respectively). Discussion and conclusion The platelet‐rich plasma has beneficial effects on spermatogenesis and reproductive hormone production in testicular torsion. It is easily accessible and applicable. In the future, intra‐testicular platelet‐rich plasma injection may be used in testicular torsion after detorsion. However, further experimental and large‐scale prospective clinical studies are needed to establish a definitive conclusion on this topic.

Objectives: to examine the effects of urethroplasty surgery on sexual functions by taking into account age, location of stenosis, length of stenosis and surgical technique parameters. Materials and Methods: The prospective study was conducted between January 2015 and August 2017 with 60 cases. Patients were categorized according to age groups (19-65 / 65-75 years), surgery technique and stricture localization and length. Before the urethroplasty operation and postoperative 6th month follow-up, the international index of erectile function (IIEF) form (15 questions), was filled, the relevant domains of sexual function; erectile function (Q1,2,3,4,5,15), orgasmic function (Q9,10) and overall satisfaction (Q13,14) were assessed. Results: The mean age of the cases is 54 ± 13. However, preoperative IIEF, sexual satisfaction and orgasmic function averages of patients with a stenosis segment length of 1-3 cm was found to be significantly higher than that of patients with a stenosis segment length of 4-7 cm. Between stenosis segment length groups, there was no statistical difference in terms of preoperative and postoperative sexual functions. And also, there was no statistically significant change in patients’ preoperative and postoperative sexual function scores in terms of localization of stricture and surgery techniques. However, there were statistically significant change in the postoperative IIEF and sexual satisfaction averages according to preoperative averages. Conclusion: Our study suggests that urethroplasty surgery itself does not significantly affect erectile function, orgasmic function, and general sexual satisfaction regardless of the type of surgery, localization and length of stenosis. Besides, there was a significant decrease in erectile function in senior adults.